hypernatremia

Question 1

hypovolemic causes

Answer 1

not drinking enough

diuretics (osmotic, mannitol, urea, loop = low urine osm)

extrarenal loss

insensible loss

Question 2

causes of not drinking enough water

Answer 2

(AMS, dementia, neonates, intubated)

Question 3

insensible loss

Answer 3

(tachypnea, mechanical vent, sweating, fever, burns)

Question 4

types of extrarenal loss

Answer 4

diarrhoea (lactulose)/vomiting

Question 5

euvolemic causes of hypernatremia

Answer 5

renal loss
No ADH (diabetes insipidus, brain herniation = low urine osmo), lithium, hypercalcemia, status post ATN = low urine osmo

Question 6

hypervolemic causes of hypernatremia

Answer 6

hypertonic fluid overdose, mineralocorticoid excess (conns syndrome), salt poisoning)

Question 7

symptoms of hypernatremia

Answer 7

nausea, vomiting, fever, confusion, seizures, subdrual + intracranial haemorrhage, ischaemic stroke, dural sinus thromboisis