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Cardio - mine > hyperlipidemia > Flashcards

hyperlipidemia Flashcards

1
Q

how are non-polar lipids transported in the blood

A

lipoproteins

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2
Q

what are non-polar lipids

A

cholesterol esters

triglycerides

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3
Q

describe the lipoprotein core

A

hydrophobic

contains esterified cholesterol and triglycerides

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4
Q

describe the lipoprotein coat

A

hydrophilic

contains apoproteins

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5
Q

what apoproteins are contained in HDL

A

apoA1 and apoA2

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6
Q

what apoproteins are contained in LDL

A

apoB-100

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7
Q

what apoproteins are contained in VLDL

A

apoB-100

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8
Q

what apoproteins are contained in chylomircons

A

apoB-48

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9
Q

what are the major lipoproteins (4)

A

HDL, LDL, VLDL, chylomicrons

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10
Q

where are chylomicrons formed

A

intestinal cells

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11
Q

what do chylomicrons transport

A

dietary triglycerides

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12
Q

what is involved in the exogenous pathway of cholesterol

A

chylomircons

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13
Q

where are VLDL formed

A

liver cells

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14
Q

what do VLDL transport

A

triglycerides synthesised in the liver

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15
Q

what is involved in the endogenous pathway of cholesterol

A

VLDL

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16
Q

what do apoB lipoproteins do

A

deliver triglycerides to:

  1. muscle for ATP biogenesis
  2. adipocytes for storage
17
Q

summarise the life cycle of apoB lipoproteins

A

assembly
intravascular metabolism
receptor mediated clearance

18
Q

describe the assembly of chylomircons

A

monoglycerides and free fatty acids from dietary fat enter enterocyte via diffusion and undergo synthesis to form triglycerides

cholesterol from dietary fat and bile enters enterocyte via NPC1L1 where it undergoes esterification to become a cholesterol ester

apoB48 is then added via MTP in the ER a second apoA1

exists via exocytosis

19
Q

describe the assembly of VLDL

A

assembled in liver hepatocytes from free fatty acids from adipose tissue and de novo synthesis

MTP adds apoB100 and the VLDL joins with triglyceride droplets

20
Q

describe activation of VLDL and chylomircons

A

activated by the transfer of apoCII from HDL particles

21
Q

describe intravascular metabolism of apo proteins

A

apoCII facilitates binding of VLDL and chylomicrons to lipoprotein lipase (LPL)

LPL hydrolyses core triglycerodes to free fatty acids and glycerol which enters tissues. the remaining depleted particles are called remnants

22
Q

describe clearance of apoB lipoproteins

A

VLDL and chylomircons dissociate from LPL
apoCII is transferred to

HDL is exchange for apoE which is a high affinity ligand for receptor mediated clearance

cells return to liver and are further metabolised by hepatic lipase

all apoB48 and 50% of apoB100 are cleared by receptor-mediated endocytosis into hepatocytes

the remaining apoB100 lose triglycerides through hepatic lipase becoming smaller and lose apoE to become solely apoB100 via intermediate density lipoproteins (IDL)

23
Q

what is primary dyslipidemia

A

occurs via a combination of diet and genetic factors

24
Q

what is secondary dyslipidemia

A

consequence of other diseases (e.g. type 2 diabetes, alcoholism, liver disease etc)

25
Q

what is the mechanism of statins

A

competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase

26
Q

what are the main lipid lowering drugs (4)

A

statins
fibrates
bile binding resins
ezetimibe

27
Q

examples of statins

A

simvastatin

atorvastatin

28
Q

examples of vibrates

A

bezafibrate

gemfibrozil

29
Q

what is the mechanism of vibrates

A

agonist of PPAR-alpha

30
Q

examples of bile acid binding resins

A

colestyramine
colestipol
colsevelam

31
Q

what is the mechanism of bile acid binding resins

A

cause excretion of bile salts resulting in more cholesterol to be converted to bile salts

32
Q

what is the mechanism of ezetimibe

A

inhibits NPC1L1

33
Q

what is the key role of HD, what is known as

A

remove excess cholesterol from cells by transporting it in plasma to the liver
reverse cholesterol transport

34
Q

where is HDL formed

A

liver

35
Q

treatment of raised LDL

A

statin +/- ezetimibe

36
Q

treatment of raised LDL and VLDL

A

fibrate OR statin

37
Q

treatment of raised VLDL

A

fibrate

38
Q

treatment of raised VLDL and chylomicrons

A

(fibrate OR fish oil) + statin

Cardio - mine (15 decks)

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