Hyperlipidemia Flashcards
Lipids include:
a. Phospholipid.
b. Cholesterol.
c. Free fatty acids.
d. Lipoprotein.
The correct answer is: b. Cholesterol.
Lipids include:
a. Proteins.
b. Triglyceride.
c. Phospholipid.
d. Free fatty acids.
The correct answer is: b. Triglyceride.
True regarding the solubility of lipids:
a. Lipids are water soluble.
b. Lipids are water insoluble and need a transporter to move around the body.
c. Lipids are water insoluble and do not need a transporter.
d. Lipids are water soluble and need a transporter to move around the body.
The correct answer is: b. Lipids are water insoluble and need a transporter to move around the body.
Lipoproteins are:
a. Small molecules consisting of lipid and apolipoprotein.
b. Spherical macromolecules which consist of lipid and apolipoprotein.
c. Spherical micromolecules which consist of protein only.
d. Small micromolecules which consist of lipid and protein.
The correct answer is: b. Spherical macromolecules which consist of lipid and apolipoprotein.
Chylomicrons are secreted from:
a. Liver to carry endogenous triglycerides.
b. Intestine to carry endogenous cholesterol.
c. Intestine to carry exogenous triglycerides and cholesterol.
d. Liver to carry endogenous cholesterol.
The correct answer is: c. Intestine to carry exogenous triglycerides and cholesterol.
VLDL is secreted from:
a. Intestine to carry endogenous triglycerides.
b. Liver to carry exogenous triglycerides.
c. Liver to carry endogenous triglycerides.
d. Intestine to carry exogenous cholesterol.
The correct answer is: c. Liver to carry endogenous triglycerides.
LDL is secreted from:
a. Intestine to carry exogenous cholesterol.
b. Liver to carry endogenous triglycerides.
c. Intestine to carry endogenous triglycerides.
d. Liver to carry endogenous cholesterol.
The correct answer is: d. Liver to carry endogenous cholesterol.
HDL carries cholesterol from:
a. Liver to blood circulation.
b. Blood circulation to liver for metabolism and/or secretion.
c. Intestine to liver.
d. Liver to intestine.
The correct answer is: b. Blood circulation to liver for metabolism and/or secretion.
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is correlated with elevated levels of:
a. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C; “good” cholesterol).
b. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C; “bad” cholesterol).
c. Medium-density lipoprotein cholesterol (MDL-C).
d. Very-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VHLDL-C).
The correct answer is: b. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C; “bad” cholesterol).
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is correlated with elevated levels of:
a. Triglycerides.
b. Glucose.
c. Lipoproteins.
d. Phospholipids.
The correct answer is: a. Triglycerides.
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is correlated with low levels of:
a. Triglycerides.
b. Cholesterol.
c. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C; “good” cholesterol).
d. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C; “bad” cholesterol).
The correct answer is: c. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C; “good” cholesterol).
Plasma lipids consist mostly of:
a. Phospholipids and triglycerides.
b. Lipoproteins, which are spherical complexes of lipids and specific proteins (apolipoproteins).
c. Cholesterol and lipoproteins.
d. Free fatty acids and apolipoproteins.
The correct answer is: b. Lipoproteins, which are spherical complexes of lipids and specific proteins (apolipoproteins).
Lipoprotein is the combination of:
a. Triglyceride and phospholipid.
b. Cholesterol and triglyceride.
c. Triglyceride or cholesterol with apoprotein.
d. Free fatty acids and cholesterol.
The correct answer is: c. Triglyceride or cholesterol with apoprotein.
The clinically important lipoproteins, listed in decreasing order of atherogenicity, are:
a. HDL > VLDL > chylomicrons > LDL.
b. VLDL > LDL > chylomicrons > HDL.
c. LDL > VLDL > chylomicrons > HDL.
d. Chylomicrons > LDL > HDL > VLDL.
The correct answer is: c. LDL > VLDL > chylomicrons > HDL.
Low-density lipoproteins (LDL):
a. Deliver cholesterol to the body. It is good cholesterol.
b. Remove cholesterol from the bloodstream. It is bad cholesterol.
c. Deliver cholesterol to the body. It is bad cholesterol.
d. Remove cholesterol from the bloodstream. It is good cholesterol.
The correct answer is: c. Deliver cholesterol to the body. It is bad cholesterol.
High-density lipoproteins (HDL):
a. Remove cholesterol from the bloodstream. It is good cholesterol.
b. Deliver cholesterol to the body. It is good cholesterol.
c. Remove cholesterol from the bloodstream. It is bad cholesterol.
d. Deliver cholesterol to the body. It is bad cholesterol.
The correct answer is: a. Remove cholesterol from the bloodstream. It is good cholesterol.
HMG CoA reductase inhibitors lower elevated LDL-C by:
a. Increasing triglyceride levels.
b. Lowering cholesterol synthesis.
c. Lowering HDL levels.
d. Increasing plasma cholesterol levels.
The correct answer is: b. Lowering cholesterol synthesis.
HMG CoA reductase inhibitors result in:
a. Increase in coronary events.
b. Reduction in coronary events and death from CHD.
c. Increase in HDL levels.
d. Increase in cholesterol absorption.
The correct answer is: b. Reduction in coronary events and death from CHD.
The most effective statin is:
a. Rosuvastatin.
b. Lovastatin.
c. Pravastatin.
d. None of the above.
The correct answer is: a. Rosuvastatin.
HMG CoA reductase inhibitors are:
a. The least effective cholesterol-lowering agents.
b. The most effective cholesterol-lowering agents.
c. Used for increasing triglyceride levels.
d. Used for increasing LDL levels.
The correct answer is: b. The most effective cholesterol-lowering agents.
The mechanism of action of statins involves:
a. Inhibition of triglyceride synthesis.
b. Competitive inhibition of HMG CoA reductase.
c. Increase in intracellular cholesterol.
d. Decrease in LDL catabolism.
The correct answer is: b. Competitive inhibition of HMG CoA reductase.
Statins increase:
a. LDL cholesterol levels.
b. Triglyceride levels.
c. HDL cholesterol levels.
d. VLDL cholesterol levels.
The correct answer is: c. HDL cholesterol levels.
Statins are:
a. Primary treatment option for hypercholesterolemia.
b. Secondary treatment option for hypertension.
c. Used to increase LDL cholesterol levels.
d. Not effective in hyperlipidemia.
The correct answer is: a. Primary treatment option for hypercholesterolemia.
Statins are considered:
a. Third-line treatment for ASCVD.
b. Second-line treatment for hypertension.
c. First-line treatment for ASCVD.
d. Not recommended for ASCVD.
The correct answer is: c. First-line treatment for ASCVD.
Statins are effective in:
a. Increasing plasma cholesterol levels.
b. Lowering plasma cholesterol levels in all types of hyperlipidemias.
c. Increasing triglyceride levels.
d. Decreasing HDL cholesterol levels.
The correct answer is: b. Lowering plasma cholesterol levels in all types of hyperlipidemias.
Statins should be given at:
a. Morning.
b. Noon.
c. Evening.
d. None of the above.
The correct answer is: c. Evening.
Statins can cause:
a. Decreased liver enzymes.
b. Increased liver enzymes (hepatotoxicity).
c. Decreased muscle pain.
d. Increased triglyceride levels.
The correct answer is: b. Increased liver enzymes (hepatotoxicity).
Statins may lead to:
a. Myopathy and rhabdomyolysis.
b. Increased muscle strength.
c. Decreased muscle pain.
d. Increased HDL cholesterol levels.
The correct answer is: a. Myopathy and rhabdomyolysis.
Statins can increase the effect of:
a. Aspirin.
b. Warfarin.
c. Metformin.
d. Insulin.
The correct answer is: b. Warfarin.
Statins are contraindicated:
a. During hypertension.
b. During pregnancy and lactation.
c. In patients with diabetes.
d. In patients with low cholesterol levels.
The correct answer is: b. During pregnancy and lactation.
Niacin reduces LDL-C by:
a. 10%
b. 15%
c. 20%
d. 25%
The correct answer is: c. 20%
Niacin lowers triglycerides by:
a. 25%
b. 30%
c. 35%
d. 40%
The correct answer is: c. 35%
Niacin is the most effective agent for:
a. Increasing LDL-C
b. Increasing HDL-C
c. Decreasing HDL-C
d. Increasing triglycerides
The correct answer is: b. Increasing HDL-C
Niacin inhibits lipolysis in:
a. Muscle tissue
b. Adipose tissue
c. Liver tissue
d. Skin tissue
The correct answer is: b. Adipose tissue
The inhibition of lipolysis by niacin reduces the production of:
a. Triglycerides
b. Cholesterol
c. Free fatty acids
d. Phospholipids
The correct answer is: c. Free fatty acids
The liver uses circulating free fatty acids as a major precursor for:
a. Cholesterol synthesis
b. Triglyceride synthesis
c. Phospholipid synthesis
d. Lipoprotein synthesis
The correct answer is: b. Triglyceride synthesis
Reduced liver triglyceride levels decrease hepatic VLDL production, which in turn reduces:
a. HDL-C plasma concentrations
b. LDL-C plasma concentrations
c. Cholesterol absorption
d. Lipoprotein metabolism
The correct answer is: b. LDL-C plasma concentrations
Niacin lowers plasma levels of both:
a. Cholesterol and phospholipids
b. Triglycerides and phospholipids
c. Cholesterol and triglycerides
d. HDL-C and LDL-C
The correct answer is: c. Cholesterol and triglycerides
Niacin is useful in the treatment of:
a. Hypertension
b. Diabetes
c. Familial hyperlipidemias
d. Hypothyroidism
The correct answer is: c. Familial hyperlipidemias
The most common side effect of niacin is:
a. Myopathy
b. Hepatotoxicity
c. Intense cutaneous flush and pruritus
d. Hyperglycemia
The correct answer is: c. Intense cutaneous flush and pruritus
The cutaneous flush and pruritus caused by niacin is due to the production of:
a. Prostaglandins
b. Leukotrienes
c. Histamines
d. Serotonin
The correct answer is: a. Prostaglandins
To prevent the intense cutaneous flush and pruritus caused by niacin, patients should:
a. Take NSAIDs before administering niacin and take it at night
b. Take antihistamines before administering niacin
c. Take corticosteroids before administering niacin
d. Take niacin with food
The correct answer is: a. Take NSAIDs before administering niacin and take it at night
Niacin inhibits tubular secretion of uric acid and predisposes to:
a. Hypouricemia and diabetes
b. Hyperuricemia and gout
c. Hypercalcemia and epilepsy
d. Hypocalcemia and schizophrenia
The correct answer is: b. Hyperuricemia and gout
Hepatotoxicity has also been reported with niacin; therefore, it should be avoided in:
a. Renal disease
b. Hepatic disease
c. Cardiac disease
d. Pulmonary disease
The correct answer is: b. Hepatic disease
Niacin should be given with caution when combined with:
a. Antihypertensives
b. Antidiabetics
c. Statins
d. Anticoagulants
The correct answer is: c. Statins
Fenofibrate and gemfibrozil are derivatives of:
a. Cholesterol
b. Fibric acid
c. Nicotinic acid
d. Phospholipid
The correct answer is: b. Fibric acid
Fibrates lower:
a. Serum HDL levels
b. Serum triglycerides
c. Serum LDL levels
d. Serum cholesterol levels
The correct answer is: b. Serum triglycerides
Fibrates increase:
a. LDL levels
b. Triglyceride levels
c. HDL levels
d. VLDL levels
The correct answer is: c. HDL levels
The most efficacious agents in lowering triglycerides are:
a. Niacin and fibric acid derivatives
b. Statins and bile acid resins
c. Ezetimibe and omega-3 fatty acids
d. Cholestyramine and colestipol
The correct answer is: a. Niacin and fibric acid derivatives
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear receptor family that:
a. Regulates carbohydrate metabolism
b. Regulates protein metabolism
c. Regulates lipid metabolism
d. Regulates nucleic acid metabolism
The correct answer is: c. Regulates lipid metabolism
Fenofibrate and gemfibrozil are activators of the intracellular receptor PPARs and regulate:
a. Carbohydrate metabolism
b. Protein metabolism
c. Lipid metabolism
d. Nucleic acid metabolism
The correct answer is: c. Lipid metabolism
Activation of PPARs by fibrates leads to decreased triglyceride concentrations through:
a. Increased expression of lipoprotein lipase
b. Decreased expression of lipoprotein lipase
c. Increased expression of cholesterol esterase
d. Decreased expression of cholesterol esterase
The correct answer is: a. Increased expression of lipoprotein lipase
Fibrates are used in the treatment of:
a. Hypertension
b. Hypertriglyceridemias
c. Hypercholesterolemia
d. Diabetes
The correct answer is: b. Hypertriglyceridemias
The most common adverse effects of fibrates are:
a. Severe gastrointestinal disturbances
b. Mild gastrointestinal disturbances
c. Severe hepatic disturbances
d. Mild hepatic disturbances
The correct answer is: b. Mild gastrointestinal disturbances
Because fibrates increase biliary cholesterol excretion, there is a predisposition to:
a. Form kidney stones
b. Form gallstones
c. Form blood clots
d. Form liver cysts
The correct answer is: b. Form gallstones
Myopathy and rhabdomyolysis may occur in patients taking:
a. Gemfibrozil and statins together
b. Fenofibrate and statins together
c. Niacin and statins together
d. Ezetimibe and statins together
The correct answer is: a. Gemfibrozil and statins together
Bile acid sequestrants (resins) have significant effects in lowering:
a. HDL cholesterol
b. LDL cholesterol
c. VLDL cholesterol
d. Triglycerides
The correct answer is: b. LDL cholesterol
The benefits of bile acid sequestrants are:
a. Greater than those observed with statins
b. Equal to those observed with statins
c. Less than those observed with statins
d. No different than those observed with statins
The correct answer is: c. Less than those observed with statins
Cholestyramine, colestipol, and colesevelam bind to:
a. Triglycerides in the small intestine
b. Bile acids and bile salts in the small intestine
c. Cholesterol in the large intestine
d. Fatty acids in the stomach
The correct answer is: b. Bile acids and bile salts in the small intestine
The resin/bile acid complex is:
a. Absorbed in the intestine
b. Excreted in the feces
c. Metabolized in the liver
d. Stored in the gallbladder
The correct answer is: b. Excreted in the feces
This process causes hepatocytes to increase conversion of:
a. Triglycerides to bile acids
b. Cholesterol to bile acids
c. HDL to LDL
d. LDL to HDL
The correct answer is: b. Cholesterol to bile acids
Bile acid sequestrants ultimately cause intracellular cholesterol concentrations to:
a. Increase
b. Decrease
c. Remain the same
d. Fluctuate
The correct answer is: b. Decrease
Bile acid-binding resins are useful in treating:
a. Type II diabetes
b. Hypertension
c. Type IIA and type IIB hyperlipidemias
d. Hypertriglyceridemia
The correct answer is: c. Type IIA and type IIB hyperlipidemias
Colesevelam is also indicated for:
a. Type I diabetes
b. Type II diabetes
c. Hypertension
d. Hypothyroidism
The correct answer is: b. Type II diabetes
Bile acid sequestrants are:
a. Soluble in water
b. Insoluble in water
c. Absorbed in the intestine
d. Metabolically altered by the intestine
The correct answer is: b. Insoluble in water
After oral administration, bile acid sequestrants are:
a. Absorbed and metabolically altered by the intestine
b. Absorbed but not metabolically altered by the intestine
c. Not absorbed nor metabolically altered by the intestine
d. Metabolically altered but not absorbed by the intestine
The correct answer is: c. Not absorbed nor metabolically altered by the intestine
Bile acid sequestrants are:
a. Partially excreted in the feces
b. Totally excreted in the feces
c. Metabolized by the liver
d. Stored in adipose tissue
The correct answer is: b. Totally excreted in the feces
The most common side effects of bile acid sequestrants are:
a. Hepatic disturbances
b. Gastrointestinal disturbances
c. Renal disturbances
d. Neurological disturbances
The correct answer is: b. Gastrointestinal disturbances
These agents may impair the absorption of:
a. Water-soluble vitamins
b. Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K)
c. Minerals (iron, calcium, magnesium)
d. Proteins and amino acids
The correct answer is: b. Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K)
These agents may raise:
a. HDL levels
b. LDL levels
c. Triglyceride levels
d. VLDL levels
The correct answer is: c. Triglyceride levels
Bile acid sequestrants are contraindicated in patients with:
a. Hypercholesterolemia
b. Hypocholesterolemia
c. Significant hypertriglyceridemia
d. Hyperglycemia
The correct answer is: c. Significant hypertriglyceridemia
Ezetimibe selectively inhibits absorption of:
a. Dietary and biliary cholesterol in the small intestine
b. Triglycerides in the large intestine
c. Free fatty acids in the liver
d. HDL in the small intestine
The correct answer is: a. Dietary and biliary cholesterol in the small intestine
Ezetimibe decreases the delivery of:
a. Triglycerides to the liver
b. Intestinal cholesterol to the liver
c. HDL to the blood
d. LDL to the liver
The correct answer is: b. Intestinal cholesterol to the liver
Ezetimibe lowers:
a. HDL cholesterol
b. Triglycerides
c. LDL cholesterol
d. VLDL cholesterol
The correct answer is: c. LDL cholesterol
Ezetimibe increases:
a. LDL cholesterol
b. HDL cholesterol
c. Triglycerides
d. VLDL cholesterol
The correct answer is: b. HDL cholesterol
Adverse effects with the use of ezetimibe are:
a. Common
b. Uncommon
c. Severe
d. Frequent
The correct answer is: b. Uncommon
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are used for:
a. Increasing triglycerides
b. Lowering triglycerides
c. Increasing HDL
d. Lowering LDL
The correct answer is: b. Lowering triglycerides
Omega-3 PUFAs may raise:
a. HDL-C
b. LDL-C
c. VLDL-C
d. Triglycerides
The correct answer is: b. LDL-C
Essential fatty acids inhibit:
a. VLDL and triglyceride synthesis in the liver
b. HDL synthesis in the blood
c. LDL synthesis in the intestine
d. Cholesterol synthesis in the liver
The correct answer is: a. VLDL and triglyceride synthesis in the liver
Omega-3 PUFAs eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are found in:
a. Plant sources
b. Dairy products
c. Marine sources such as tuna, halibut, and salmon
d. Meat products
The correct answer is: c. Marine sources such as tuna, halibut, and salmon
The most common side effects of omega-3 PUFAs include:
a. Neurological effects
b. Cardiovascular effects
c. GI effects (abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea) and a fishy aftertaste
d. Respiratory effects
The correct answer is: c. GI effects (abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea) and a fishy aftertaste
Bleeding risk can be increased in those who are concomitantly taking:
a. Antihypertensives
b. Antidiabetics
c. Anticoagulants or antiplatelets
d. Statins
The correct answer is: c. Anticoagulants or antiplatelets
