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Adrenal Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Which part of the adrenal gland secretes adrenocorticosteroids and adrenal androgens?
a. Medulla
b. Cortex
c. Inner layer
d. Middle layer

A

The correct answer is: b. Cortex

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2
Q

Which part of the adrenal gland secretes epinephrine?
a. Cortex
b. Outer layer
c. Medulla
d. Middle layer

A

The correct answer is: c. Medulla

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3
Q

The adrenal cortex is divided into how many zones?
a. Two
b. Three
c. Four
d. Five

A

The correct answer is: b. Three

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4
Q

What is the source of steroids synthesized by the adrenal cortex?
a. Proteins
b. Lipids
c. Cholesterol
d. Carbohydrates

A

The correct answer is: c. Cholesterol

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5
Q

Which layer of the adrenal cortex produces mineralocorticoids?
a. Outer layer
b. Middle layer
c. Inner layer
d. All layers

A

The correct answer is: a. Outer layer

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6
Q

What is an example of a mineralocorticoid produced by the outer layer of the adrenal cortex?
a. Cortisol
b. Aldosterone
c. Epinephrine
d. Dehydroepiandrosterone

A

The correct answer is: b. Aldosterone

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7
Q

Which layer of the adrenal cortex synthesizes glucocorticoids?
a. Outer layer
b. Middle layer
c. Inner layer
d. All layers

A

The correct answer is: b. Middle layer

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8
Q

What is an example of a glucocorticoid synthesized by the middle layer of the adrenal cortex?
a. Cortisol
b. Aldosterone
c. Epinephrine
d. Dehydroepiandrosterone

A

The correct answer is: a. Cortisol

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9
Q

Which layer of the adrenal cortex secretes adrenal androgens?
a. Outer layer
b. Middle layer
c. Inner layer
d. All layers

A

The correct answer is: c. Inner layer

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10
Q

What is an example of an adrenal androgen secreted by the inner layer of the adrenal cortex?
a. Cortisol
b. Aldosterone
c. Epinephrine
d. Dehydroepiandrosterone

A

The correct answer is: d. Dehydroepiandrosterone

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11
Q

Which zones of the adrenal cortex are controlled by pituitary ACTH?
a. Only the outer layer
b. The middle layer only
c. The inner layer only
d. The two inner zones and, to some extent, the outer zone

A

The correct answer is: d. The two inner zones and, to some extent, the outer zone

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12
Q

What role do glucocorticoids play in the feedback mechanism of hormone secretion?
a. They promote ACTH and CRH secretion.
b. They inhibit ACTH and CRH secretion.
c. They have no effect on ACTH and CRH secretion.
d. They increase cholesterol synthesis.

A

The correct answer is: b. They inhibit ACTH and CRH secretion.

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13
Q

Hormones of the adrenal cortex are used in all of the following EXCEPT:
a. Replacement therapy
b. Treatment of asthma
c. Treatment of severe allergic reactions
d. Treatment of bacterial infections

A

The correct answer is: d. Treatment of bacterial infections

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14
Q

In what condition are hormones of the adrenal cortex used as replacement therapy?
a. Asthma
b. Rheumatoid arthritis
c. Adrenal insufficiency
d. Severe allergic reactions

A

The correct answer is: c. Adrenal insufficiency

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15
Q

Which of the following inflammatory diseases can be treated with hormones of the adrenal cortex?
a. Diabetes
b. Asthma
c. Hypertension
d. Osteoporosis

A

The correct answer is: b. Asthma

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16
Q

Which hormone is used in the treatment of severe allergic reactions?
a. Insulin
b. Glucocorticoids
c. Thyroxine
d. Growth hormone

A

The correct answer is: b. Glucocorticoids

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17
Q

Hormones of the adrenal cortex are used in the treatment of some cancers.
a. True
b. False

A

The correct answer is: a. True

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18
Q

Adrenocorticoids bind to specific intracellular cytoplasmic receptors in which type of tissues?
a. Muscle tissues
b. Target tissues
c. Bone tissues
d. Nerve tissues

A

The correct answer is: b. Target tissues

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19
Q

The glucocorticoid receptor is widely distributed throughout the body, whereas the mineralocorticoid receptor is confined mainly to which type of organs?
a. Excretory organs
b. Digestive organs
c. Reproductive organs
d. Sensory organs

A

The correct answer is: a. Excretory organs

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20
Q

Which organs are examples of those containing mineralocorticoid receptors?
a. Heart and lungs
b. Kidney and colon
c. Liver and pancreas
d. Brain and spinal cord

A

The correct answer is: b. Kidney and colon

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21
Q

Which glands contain mineralocorticoid receptors?
a. Thyroid and parathyroid glands
b. Salivary and sweat glands
c. Adrenal and pituitary glands
d. Pineal and thymus glands

A

The correct answer is: b. Salivary and sweat glands

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22
Q

Compared to mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids have what spectrum of activity?
a. Narrower spectrum
b. Wider spectrum
c. Same spectrum
d. No spectrum

A

The correct answer is: b. Wider spectrum

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23
Q

Which hormone is the principal glucocorticoid?
a. Aldosterone
b. Epinephrine
c. Cortisol
d. Dehydroepiandrosterone

A

The correct answer is: c. Cortisol

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24
Q

Glucocorticoid production is diurnal with a peak occurring when?
a. Early in the morning
b. Late in the evening
c. Midday
d. Midnight

A

The correct answer is: a. Early in the morning

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25
Q

Glucocorticoid production follows an initial peak with a secondary, smaller peak at what time?
a. Late morning
b. Late afternoon
c. Early evening
d. Early morning

A

The correct answer is: b. Late afternoon

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26
Q

What factors influence glucocorticoid secretion?
a. Diet
b. Temperature and humidity
c. Stress
d. Sleep

A

The correct answer is: c. Stress

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27
Q

Glucocorticoids favor gluconeogenesis and stimulate the catabolism of which substance, except in the liver?
a. Carbohydrates
b. Fats
c. Proteins
d. Nucleic acids

A

The correct answer is: c. Proteins

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28
Q

Glucocorticoids stimulate which process to provide the building blocks for glucose synthesis?
a. Glycolysis
b. Lipolysis
c. Proteolysis
d. Glycogenesis

A

The correct answer is: b. Lipolysis

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29
Q

What condition is a result of the elevated blood glucose caused by glucocorticoids?
a. Hypoglycemia
b. Hyperlipidemia
c. Hyperglycemia
d. Hypolipidemia

A

The correct answer is: c. Hyperglycemia

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30
Q

How do glucocorticoids increase resistance to stress?
a. By lowering plasma glucose levels
b. By raising plasma glucose levels
c. By reducing plasma protein levels
d. By increasing plasma fat levels

A

The correct answer is: b. By raising plasma glucose levels

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31
Q

Glucocorticoids can cause a modest rise in blood pressure by enhancing what action?
a. Vasodilator action
b. Vasoabsorptive action
c. Vasoconstrictor action
d. Vasodepressor action

A

The correct answer is: c. Vasoconstrictor action

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32
Q

How do glucocorticoids alter blood cell levels in plasma?
a. Increase eosinophils, basophils, monocytes
b. Decrease eosinophils, basophils, monocytes
c. Increase lymphocytes
d. Decrease neutrophils

A

The correct answer is: b. Decrease eosinophils, basophils, monocytes

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33
Q

How do glucocorticoids affect lymphocytes?
a. Increase their production
b. Decrease their production
c. Redistribute them from circulation to lymphoid tissue
d. Eliminate them from the body

A

The correct answer is: c. Redistribute them from circulation to lymphoid tissue

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34
Q

Glucocorticoids increase the blood levels of which blood components?
a. Hemoglobin, erythrocytes, platelets, and neutrophils
b. Lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils, and eosinophils
c. Plasma proteins, serum, platelets, and lymphocytes
d. Hemoglobin, leukocytes, plasma, and serum

A

The correct answer is: a. Hemoglobin, erythrocytes, platelets, and neutrophils

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35
Q

Glucocorticoids have anti-inflammatory action by reducing what response?
a. Immune response
b. Metabolic response
c. Inflammatory response
d. Allergic response

A

The correct answer is: c. Inflammatory response

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36
Q

Glucocorticoids suppress what system in the body?
a. Respiratory system
b. Immune system
c. Digestive system
d. Circulatory system

A

The correct answer is: b. Immune system

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37
Q

What is a possible mechanism for the anti-inflammatory action of glucocorticoids?
a. Enhancing the function of macrophages
b. Inducing histamine release
c. Lowering and inhibiting peripheral lymphocytes and macrophages
d. Stimulating phospholipase A2

A

The correct answer is: c. Lowering and inhibiting peripheral lymphocytes and macrophages

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38
Q

Glucocorticoids indirectly inhibit which enzyme to reduce inflammation?
a. Phospholipase A2
b. COX-2
c. Lipase
d. Amylase

A

The correct answer is: a. Phospholipase A2

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39
Q

What effect do glucocorticoids have on histamine release?
a. Increase histamine release
b. Decrease histamine release
c. No effect on histamine release
d. Stimulate histamine production

A

The correct answer is: b. Decrease histamine release

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40
Q

Glucocorticoids affect other components of the endocrine system by feedback inhibition of which hormones?
a. ACTH and GH
b. TSH and GH
c. ACTH and TSH
d. TSH and FSH

A

The correct answer is: c. ACTH and TSH

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41
Q

In contrast, glucocorticoids increase the production of which hormone?
a. ACTH
b. GH
c. TSH
d. FSH

A

The correct answer is: b. GH

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42
Q

Adequate cortisol is essential for the normal function of which renal process?
a. Tubular reabsorption
b. Filtration rate
c. Secretion
d. Excretion

A

The correct answer is: b. Filtration rate

43
Q

High doses of glucocorticoids stimulate the production of which gastric substances and may exacerbate ulcers?
a. Acid and bile
b. Bile and pepsin
c. Acid and pepsin
d. Pepsin and enzymes

A

The correct answer is: c. Acid and pepsin

44
Q

How do glucocorticoids influence the central nervous system (CNS)?
a. They decrease metabolic rate
b. They influence mental status
c. They reduce brain activity
d. They increase synaptic transmission

A

The correct answer is: b. They influence mental status

45
Q

Chronic glucocorticoid therapy can cause severe loss of which tissue?
a. Muscle
b. Bone
c. Adipose
d. Connective

A

The correct answer is: b. Bone

46
Q

What are two potential adverse effects of chronic glucocorticoid therapy on muscles?
a. Myopathy and hypertrophy
b. Hypertrophy and weakness
c. Myopathy and weakness
d. Hypertrophy and spasm

A

The correct answer is: c. Myopathy and weakness

47
Q

Mineralocorticoids help control the body’s water volume and concentration of which substances?
a. Proteins
b. Carbohydrates
c. Electrolytes
d. Vitamins

A

The correct answer is: c. Electrolytes

48
Q

Which electrolytes are especially regulated by mineralocorticoids?
a. Calcium and magnesium
b. Sodium and potassium
c. Chloride and phosphate
d. Iron and zinc

A

The correct answer is: b. Sodium and potassium

49
Q

Aldosterone acts on which parts of the kidney to cause reabsorption of sodium, bicarbonate, and water?
a. Glomerulus and loop of Henle
b. Proximal tubule and distal tubule
c. Kidney tubules and collecting ducts
d. Renal cortex and renal medulla

A

The correct answer is: c. Kidney tubules and collecting ducts

50
Q

What substances does aldosterone cause to be reabsorbed in the kidney?
a. Sodium, bicarbonate, and water
b. Potassium, chloride, and water
c. Urea, creatinine, and glucose
d. Phosphate, calcium, and magnesium

A

The correct answer is: a. Sodium, bicarbonate, and water

51
Q

Conversely, aldosterone decreases the reabsorption of which electrolyte, which is then lost in the urine along with H+?
a. Sodium
b. Potassium
c. Calcium
d. Magnesium

A

The correct answer is: b. Potassium

52
Q

Elevated aldosterone levels may cause which two conditions?
a. Hyperkalemia and acidosis
b. Hypernatremia and acidosis
c. Alkalosis and hypokalemia
d. Hypercalcemia and alkalosis

A

The correct answer is: c. Alkalosis and hypokalemia

53
Q

The retention of sodium and water by aldosterone leads to an increase in which two parameters?
a. Blood volume and glucose level
b. Blood pressure and heart rate
c. Blood volume and blood pressure
d. Heart rate and glucose level

A

The correct answer is: c. Blood volume and blood pressure

54
Q

Which of the following corticosteroids is classified as short-acting?
a. Prednisone
b. Hydrocortisone
c. Dexamethasone
d. Triamcinolone

A

Correct answer: b. Hydrocortisone

55
Q

What is the duration of action for short-acting corticosteroids?
a. 1-12 hours
b. 12-36 hours
c. 36-55 hours
d. 55-72 hours

A

Correct answer: a. 1-12 hours

56
Q

Which corticosteroid has both anti-inflammatory and salt-retaining effects of equal potency?
a. Prednisolone
b. Betamethasone
c. Cortisone
d. Methylprednisolone

A

Correct answer: c. Cortisone

57
Q

Which intermediate-acting corticosteroid has an anti-inflammatory effect but no salt-retaining effect?
a. Prednisone
b. Methylprednisolone
c. Triamcinolone
d. Prednisolone

A

Correct answer: c. Triamcinolone

58
Q

What is the duration of action for intermediate-acting corticosteroids?
a. 1-12 hours
b. 12-36 hours
c. 36-55 hours
d. 55-72 hours

A

Correct answer: b. 12-36 hours

59
Q

Which of the following corticosteroids is classified as long-acting?
a. Betamethasone
b. Prednisone
c. Hydrocortisone
d. Triamcinolone

A

Correct answer: a. Betamethasone

60
Q

What is the duration of action for long-acting corticosteroids?
a. 1-12 hours
b. 12-36 hours
c. 36-55 hours
d. 55-72 hours

A

Correct answer: c. 36-55 hours

61
Q

Which long-acting corticosteroid has the highest anti-inflammatory effect?
a. Dexamethasone
b. Betamethasone
c. Methylprednisolone
d. Triamcinolone

A

Correct answer: b. Betamethasone

62
Q

Which mineralocorticoid has the highest salt-retaining effect?
a. Fludrocortisone
b. Deoxycorticosterone
c. Cortisone
d. Hydrocortisone

A

Correct answer: a. Fludrocortisone

63
Q

Which corticosteroid is primarily used for its mineralocorticoid effect rather than its anti-inflammatory effect?
a. Betamethasone
b. Dexamethasone
c. Fludrocortisone
d. Prednisolone

A

Correct answer: c. Fludrocortisone

64
Q

Which semisynthetic derivative of glucocorticoids has been developed to vary in their anti-inflammatory potency?
a. Cortisone
b. Methylprednisolone
c. Deoxycorticosterone
d. Triamcinolone

A

Correct answer: b. Methylprednisolone

65
Q

Which of the following corticosteroids shows a degree of sodium retention?
a. Betamethasone
b. Triamcinolone
c. Prednisolone
d. Dexamethasone

A

Correct answer: c. Prednisolone

66
Q

Which mineralocorticoid has no anti-inflammatory effect but a significant salt-retaining effect?
a. Fludrocortisone
b. Deoxycorticosterone
c. Prednisone
d. Methylprednisolone

A

Correct answer: b. Deoxycorticosterone

67
Q

What aspect do semisynthetic derivatives of glucocorticoids vary in?
a. Their half-life, target tissue, and duration of action.
b. Their bioavailability, route of administration, and effects on the immune the system.
c. Their anti-inflammatory potency, sodium retention, and duration of action.
d. Their lipid solubility, absorption, and excretion.

A

Correct answer: c. Their anti-inflammatory potency, sodium retention, and duration of action.

68
Q

Which corticosteroid is given for replacement therapy in primary adrenocortical insufficiency (Addison’s disease)?
a. Prednisolone
b. Dexamethasone
c. Hydrocortisone
d. Betamethasone

A

Correct answer: c. Hydrocortisone

69
Q

In the treatment of Addison’s disease, how is the daily dose of hydrocortisone typically divided?
a. Half in the morning and half in the evening
b. Two-thirds in the morning and one-third in the afternoon
c. One-third in the morning and two-thirds in the evening
d. Equal doses three times a day

A

Correct answer: b. Two-thirds in the morning and one-third in the afternoon

70
Q

Which mineralocorticoid may be administered to raise the mineralocorticoid activity to normal levels in Addison’s disease?
a. Prednisolone
b. Fludrocortisone
c. Dexamethasone
d. Hydrocortisone

A

Correct answer: b. Fludrocortisone

71
Q

What is the primary synthetic mineralocorticoid used in the management of Addison’s disease?
a. Cortisol
b. Fludrocortisone
c. Deoxycorticosterone
d. Triamcinolone

A

Correct answer: b. Fludrocortisone

72
Q

What condition is treated with hydrocortisone to correct the deficiency in the adrenal cortex?
a. Cushing’s syndrome
b. Addison’s disease
c. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
d. Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Correct answer: b. Addison’s disease

73
Q

In secondary or tertiary adrenocortical insufficiency, what stimulates the adrenal cortex to synthesize and release adrenal corticosteroids?
a. Hydrocortisone
b. Prednisolone
c. Corticotropin (ACTH)
d. Dexamethasone

A

Correct answer: c. Corticotropin (ACTH)

74
Q

Which test is used for the diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome?
a. Cortisol suppression test
b. Dexamethasone suppression test
c. ACTH stimulation test
d. Fludrocortisone test

A

Correct answer: b. Dexamethasone suppression test

75
Q

What is the primary therapeutic use of dexamethasone in endocrine disorders?
a. Replacement therapy for Addison’s disease
b. Diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome
c. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
d. Management of asthma

A

Correct answer: b. Diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome

76
Q

What hormone levels need to be normalized in congenital adrenal hyperplasia?
a. Cortisol and aldosterone
b. CRH and ACTH
c. Testosterone and estrogen
d. Insulin and glucagon

A

Correct answer: b. CRH and ACTH

77
Q

Which therapy requires administration of corticosteroids to suppress the release of CRH and ACTH?
a. Treatment of Addison’s disease
b. Replacement therapy for secondary adrenocortical insufficiency
c. Diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome
d. Replacement therapy for congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A

Correct answer: d. Replacement therapy for congenital adrenal hyperplasia

78
Q

Glucocorticoids are used to reduce inflammation in which conditions?
a. Diabetes and hypertension
b. Asthma and allergic rhinitis
c. Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis
d. Addison’s disease and Cushing’s syndrome

A

Correct answer: c. Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis

79
Q

What is a primary benefit of glucocorticoids in the treatment of allergies?
a. They reduce blood sugar levels
b. They enhance immune response
c. They reduce inflammatory symptoms
d. They increase energy levels

A

Correct answer: c. They reduce inflammatory symptoms

80
Q

Which corticosteroids are used through inhalation for treating asthma and allergic reactions?
a. Hydrocortisone and prednisolone
b. Beclomethasone and triamcinolone
c. Dexamethasone and betamethasone
d. Fludrocortisone and deoxycorticosterone

A

Correct answer: b. Beclomethasone and triamcinolone

81
Q

What syndrome is a problem in premature infants, requiring glucocorticoid treatment?
a. Addison’s disease
b. Respiratory distress syndrome
c. Cushing’s syndrome
d. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A

Correct answer: b. Respiratory distress syndrome

82
Q

What is administered intramuscularly to enhance lung maturation in premature infants?
a. Hydrocortisone
b. Prednisolone
c. Betamethasone
d. Fludrocortisone

A

Correct answer: c. Betamethasone

83
Q

Which glucocorticoid has no effect on the fetus during pregnancy?
a. Hydrocortisone
b. Prednisolone
c. Dexamethasone
d. Prednisone

A

Correct answer: d. Prednisone

84
Q

What is the nature of prednisone as a drug?
a. Active compound
b. Prodrug
c. Mineralocorticoid
d. Anti-inflammatory

A

Correct answer: b. Prodrug

85
Q

In what form does prednisone need to be converted to exert its effects?
a. Hydrocortisone
b. Cortisone
c. Prednisolone
d. Betamethasone

A

Correct answer: c. Prednisolone

86
Q

Why does prednisone have no effect on the fetus in pregnancy?
a. It is metabolized in the maternal liver
b. It is not converted to the active compound in the fetal liver
c. It has low bioavailability
d. It has high protein binding

A

Correct answer: b. It is not converted to the active compound in the fetal liver

87
Q

What happens when large doses of glucocorticoids are required for more than two weeks?
a. Increased metabolic rate
b. Enhanced immune response
c. Suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
d. Enhanced tissue regeneration

A

Correct answer: c. Suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

88
Q

How can the adverse effect of HPA axis suppression be prevented?
a. Continuous daily administration
b. Intermittent high-dose therapy
c. Alternate-day administration
d. Reduced dosage administration

A

Correct answer: c. Alternate-day administration

89
Q

What schedule allows the HPA axis to recover and function on non-hormone days?
a. Daily administration
b. Alternate-day administration
c. Twice daily administration
d. Weekly administration

A

Correct answer: b. Alternate-day administration

90
Q

Why is withdrawal from corticosteroids a serious problem?
a. It causes allergic reactions
b. It leads to weight gain
c. It causes HPA suppression
d. It leads to muscle wasting

A

Correct answer: c. It causes HPA suppression

91
Q

What condition can abrupt removal of corticosteroids cause?
a. Acute renal failure
b. Hyperglycemia
c. Acute adrenal insufficiency syndrome
d. Chronic fatigue syndrome

A

Correct answer: c. Acute adrenal insufficiency syndrome

92
Q

How should the dose of corticosteroids be adjusted to avoid acute adrenal insufficiency?
a. Increased gradually
b. Reduced gradually
c. Maintained consistently
d. Administered intravenously

A

Correct answer: b. Reduced gradually

93
Q

Osteoporosis due to long-term corticosteroid therapy is caused by:
a. The ability of glucocorticoids to suppress intestinal Ca2+ absorption
b. Inhibition of bone formation
c. Decrease sex hormone synthesis
d. Increase renal calcium excretion

A

Correct answer: b. Inhibition of bone formation

94
Q

What supplementation is advised for patients on long-term corticosteroid therapy to prevent osteoporosis?
a. Iron and folic acid
b. Calcium and vitamin D
c. Magnesium and zinc
d. Vitamin A and vitamin C

A

Correct answer: b. Calcium and vitamin D

95
Q

Which of the following is a common side effect of long-term corticosteroid therapy?
a. Hypotension
b. Cushing-like syndrome
c. Hyperthyroidism
d. Hypercalcemia

A

Correct answer: b. Cushing-like syndrome

96
Q

Long-term corticosteroid therapy increases the frequency of:
a. Cataracts
b. Glaucoma
c. Retinal detachment
d. Macular degeneration

A

Correct answer: a. Cataracts

97
Q

Which metabolic condition may develop due to long-term corticosteroid therapy and lead to diabetes mellitus?
a. Hypoglycemia
b. Hyperglycemia
c. Hyperlipidemia
d. Hypolipidemia

A

Correct answer: b. Hyperglycemia

98
Q

What electrolyte imbalance is commonly seen with long-term corticosteroid use?
a. Hyperkalemia
b. Hypokalemia
c. Hypernatremia
d. Hyponatremia

A

Correct answer: b. Hypokalemia

99
Q

Long-term corticosteroid therapy can lead to:
a. Increased growth in children
b. Decreased growth in children
c. Accelerated bone growth
d. Increased muscle mass

A

Correct answer: b. Decreased growth in children

100
Q

A common side effect of long-term corticosteroid use is:
a. Decreased appetite
b. Increased appetite
c. Nausea
d. Vomiting

A

Correct answer: b. Increased appetite

101
Q

Long-term corticosteroid therapy increases the risk of:
a. Hypertension
b. Infection
c. Thrombosis
d. Dehydration

A

Correct answer: b. Infection

102
Q

Which of the following is a side effect of long-term corticosteroid therapy?
a. Peripheral neuropathy
b. Peripheral edema
c. Central cyanosis
d. Generalized urticaria

A

Correct answer: b. Peripheral edema

103
Q

Co-administration of medications that induce or inhibit hepatic mixed-function oxidases may require adjustment of the glucocorticoid dose because they are:
a. Metabolized by liver P450s
b. Excreted by the kidneys
c. Absorbed in the intestines
d. Bound to plasma proteins

A

Correct answer: a. Metabolized by liver P450s

Final Revision (9 decks)

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