Diabetes + Insulins Flashcards
Which cells in the pancreas produce insulin?
a. Alpha cells
b. Beta cells
c. Delta cells
d. Gamma cells
The correct answer is: b. Beta cells.
Which hormone is produced by alpha cells in the pancreas?
a. Insulin
b. Glucagon
c. Somatostatin
d. Epinephrine
The correct answer is: b. Glucagon.
Somatostatin is produced by which type of pancreatic cells?
a. Alpha cells
b. Beta cells
c. Delta cells
d. Gamma cells
The correct answer is: c. Delta cells.
What severe condition is caused by a lack of insulin?
a. Hypoglycemia
b. Hyperglycemia
c. Hyperinsulinemia
d. Hypoinsulinemia
The correct answer is: b. Hyperglycemia.
Untreated severe hyperglycemia can lead to all of the following complications EXCEPT:
a. Retinopathy
b. Nephropathy
c. Neuropathy
d. Hypotension
The correct answer is: d. Hypotension.
Which of the following is a cardiovascular complication caused by untreated hyperglycemia?
a. Hypertension
b. Bradycardia
c. Retinopathy
d. Hypoglycemia
The correct answer is: a. Hypertension.
Lack of insulin and untreated hyperglycemia can cause which of the following ocular complications?
a. Cataracts
b. Retinopathy
c. Glaucoma
d. Myopia
The correct answer is: b. Retinopathy.
Which complication associated with hyperglycemia affects the kidneys?
a. Nephropathy
b. Hepatopathy
c. Neuropathy
d. Retinopathy
The correct answer is: a. Nephropathy.
Hyperglycemia can lead to nerve damage known as:
a. Retinopathy
b. Nephropathy
c. Neuropathy
d. Myopathy
The correct answer is: c. Neuropathy.
How many people worldwide are affected by diabetes?
a. 120 million
b. 150 million
c. 180 million
d. 200 million
The correct answer is: c. 180 million.
True or False: Diabetes is a single disease characterized by high blood glucose levels.
a. True
b. False
The correct answer is: b. False.
What characterizes diabetes as a group of syndromes?
a. High insulin production
b. High blood pressure
c. Elevation in glucose blood level and insufficient insulin secretion
d. High cholesterol levels
The correct answer is: c. Elevation in glucose blood level and insufficient insulin secretion.
Type 1 diabetes is classified as:
a. Non-insulin dependent
b. Insulin dependent
c. Medication-induced
d. Genetic-induced
The correct answer is: b. Insulin dependent.
Which type of diabetes is non-insulin dependent?
a. Type 1 diabetes
b. Type 2 diabetes
c. Gestational diabetes
d. Genetic-induced diabetes
The correct answer is: b. Type 2 diabetes.
Gestational diabetes occurs:
a. In children
b. In elderly patients
c. During pregnancy
d. Due to genetic factors
The correct answer is: c. During pregnancy.
What is a potential consequence of gestational diabetes?
a. Affects liver function
b. Affects fetal development
c. Causes high blood pressure
d. Causes kidney failure
The correct answer is: b. Affects fetal development.
Diabetes can be induced by factors other than type 1 or type 2 conditions. These factors include:
a. Genetic factors or medication
b. Lack of physical activity
c. Overeating
d. High cholesterol levels
The correct answer is: a. Genetic factors or medication.
Type 1 diabetes most commonly affects individuals in which stage of life?
a. Infancy
b. Puberty or early adulthood
c. Middle age
d. Elderly
The correct answer is: b. Puberty or early adulthood.
What is the cause of absolute insulin deficiency in Type 1 diabetes?
a. Insulin resistance
b. Massive β-cell necrosis
c. Overproduction of insulin
d. High glucose intake
The correct answer is: b. Massive β-cell necrosis.
Type 1 diabetes is associated with an autoimmune process directed against which cells?
a. Alpha cells
b. Delta cells
c. Beta cells
d. Gamma cells
The correct answer is: c. Beta cells.
The autoimmune process in Type 1 diabetes may be triggered by which factors?
a. Physical injury
b. Virus invasion or chemical toxins
c. High-fat diet
d. Excessive exercise
The correct answer is: b. Virus invasion or chemical toxins.
Which of the following is a common symptom of Type 1 diabetes?
a. Hyperactivity, Inattention, and depression.
b. Polydipsia, polyuria, and weight loss
c. Weight gain, hypoglycemia, and hyperuricemia.
d. Muscle cramps, muscle rigidity, and tremors.
The correct answer is: b. Polydipsia, polyuria, and weight loss.
A life-threatening complication of Type 1 diabetes is:
a. Hypertension
b. Ketoacidosis
c. Hypoglycemia
d. Hyperthyroidism
The correct answer is: b. Ketoacidosis.
To control hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis, Type 1 diabetes requires:
a. Oral hypoglycemic agents
b. Diet and exercise only
c. Exogenous insulin
d. Herbal supplements
The correct answer is: c. Exogenous insulin.
Maintaining the accepted level of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is important to avoid:
a. Short-term fatigue
b. Long-term complications
c. Immediate hypoglycemia
d. Sudden weight gain
The correct answer is: b. Long-term complications.
Type 1 diabetes patients can neither maintain normal insulin secretion levels nor respond to variations in:
a. Blood pressure
b. Circulating glucose and amino acid
c. Body temperature
d. Heart rate
The correct answer is: b. Circulating glucose and amino acid.
What type of diabetes is most common?
a. Type 1
b. Type 2
c. Gestational diabetes
d. Secondary diabetes
The correct answer is: b. Type 2.
Type 2 diabetes is influenced by which of the following factors?
a. Genetic factors
b. Aging
c. Obesity and peripheral insulin resistance
d. All of the above
The correct answer is: d. All of the above.
Metabolic alterations in Type 2 diabetes are generally:
a. Severe
b. Milder than Type 1 diabetes
c. Non-existent
d. Worse than Type 1 diabetes
The correct answer is: b. Milder than Type 1 diabetes.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Type 2 diabetes?
a. Ketoacidosis
b. Milder metabolic alterations than Type 1 diabetes
c. Retention of some β-cell function
d. Variable insulin secretion insufficient to maintain glucose homeostasis
The correct answer is: a. Ketoacidosis.
In Type 2 diabetes, the pancreas retains:
a. No β-cell function
b. Some β-cell function
c. Excessive β-cell function
d. Irregular α-cell function
The correct answer is: b. Some β-cell function.
What happens to the β-cell mass in Type 2 diabetes over time?
a. It increases
b. It remains the same
c. It becomes gradually reduced
d. It fluctuates without a clear pattern
The correct answer is: c. It becomes gradually reduced.
The major cause of Type 2 diabetes is:
a. Overproduction of insulin
b. Lack of sensitivity of target organs to insulin
c. Excessive glucose intake
d. High physical activity
The correct answer is: b. Lack of sensitivity of target organs to insulin.
The treatment goal for Type 2 diabetes is to:
a. Cure the disease
b. Prevent long-term complications
c. Eliminate the need for insulin
d. Increase insulin resistance
The correct answer is: b. Prevent long-term complications.
As Type 2 diabetes progresses, what typically happens to β-cell function?
a. It improves
b. It remains stable
c. It declines
d. It fluctuates
The correct answer is: c. It declines.
In the later stages of Type 2 diabetes, achieving satisfactory serum glucose levels often requires:
a. Increased physical activity
b. Insulin therapy
c. Reduced carbohydrate intake
d. No treatment
The correct answer is: b. Insulin therapy.
True regarding insulin administration:
a. It can be taken orally.
b. It is degraded in the kidney if taken orally.
c. It is degraded in the GIT if taken orally.
d. It is degraded in the liver if taken orally.
The correct answer is: c. It is degraded in the GIT if taken orally.
True regarding the synthesis of insulin:
a. It is synthesized as insulin directly.
b. It is synthesized as a precursor called pro-insulin.
c. It does not require any cleavage to become active.
d. It is synthesized by the α cells of the pancreas.
The correct answer is: b. It is synthesized as a precursor called pro-insulin.