hypercalcemia

Question 1

Tx for hypercalcemia ?

Answer 1

IV fluids

zolendronic acid

Question 2

most common cause for hypercalcemia in uk ?

Answer 2

prostate cancer

Question 3

Which other malignancies cause hypercalcemia ?

Answer 3

Malignancy - squamous cell lung cancer
Bone metastasis
Myeloma

Question 4

Why does myeloma cause hypercalcemia ?

Answer 4

primarily due to increased osteoclastic bone resorption caused by local cytokines (e.g. IL-1, tumour necrosis factor) released by myeloma cells

Question 5

Endocrine causes of hypercalcemia ?

Answer 5

Hyperparathyroidism
Acromegaly
Vit D intoxication
Thyrotoxicosis
Addison’s disease

Question 6

Drug causes of hyoercalcemia ?

Answer 6

Thiazides diuretics - indapamide and chlorthalidone

Calcium containing antacids

Question 7

What is milk alkali syndrome ?

Answer 7

caused by the excessive intake of calcium and absorbable alkali.

Sources of calcium and alkali include dietary supplements taken for the prevention of osteoporosis or hyperparathyroidism and antacids taken for peptic ulcer disease.

Question 8

Triad of milk alkali syndrome ?

Answer 8

High blood calcium
Metabolic acidosis
And acute kidney injury

Question 9

acute phase of milk-alkali syndrome (Cope syndrome)

Answer 9

nausea,
vomiting,
anorexia,
headache,
dizziness,
vertigo,
apathy,
weakness,
confusion,
irritability,
dry mouth, and repulsion to milk

Question 10

chronic milk-alkali syndrome (Burnett syndrome), symptoms may include

Answer 10

muscle aches,
psychosis,
tremor,
polyuria (producing large volumes of dilute urine),
polydipsia (intense thirst),
pruritus (itchy sensation on skin), band keratopathy
abnormal calcifications

Question 11

clinical features of hypercalcemia

Answer 11

Abd pain + Skeletal sx + depression

bones, stones, groans and psychic moans’

Question 12

ECG changes on hpercalcemia ?

Answer 12

shortening qt interval