hyoid, larynx and swallowing

Question 1

what does the hyoid apparatus articulate with dorsally

Answer 1

petrous temporal bone caudal to tympanic bulla

Question 2

what does the hyoid apparatus do

Answer 2

suspends the tongue and larynx from the base of the skull

Question 3

what does the hyoid apparatus articulate with ventrally

Answer 3

the larynx

Question 4

what are the small paired bones that the hyoid apparatus consist of and what are they linked ventrally by

Answer 4

stylohyoid, epihyoid and keratohyoid linked by
unpaired body of the hyoid = basihyoid linked ventrally by the paired thyrohyoids which attach to the thyroid cartilage of the larynx

Question 5

muscles of the hyoid apparatus

Answer 5

sternohyoideous
thyrohyoideus
mylohyiodeous
geniohyoideous

Question 6

function of sternohyoideous and thyrohtoideus

Answer 6

draws hyoid caudally

Question 7

innervation of the sternohyoideous and thyrohyoideus

Answer 7

cervical nerves

Question 8

function of the mylohyoideus and the geniohyoideus

Answer 8

draws hyoid rostrally

Question 9

innervation of the mylohyoideus

Answer 9

trigeminal

Question 10

innervation of the geniohyoideus

Answer 10

hypoglossal

Question 11

what is the larynx

Answer 11

cartilaginous muscular tube suspended from the skull by hyoid apparatus

Question 12

primary role of the larynx

Answer 12

protect lower respiratory tract

Question 13

secondary role of the larynx

Answer 13

phonation = voice production

Question 14

what are the 3 components of the airway

Answer 14

vestibule
the glottis
ingraglottic cavity

Question 15

what is the entrance to the vestibule called

Answer 15

laryngeal aditus

Question 16

what is the ventral floor of opening of the vestibule called

Answer 16

epiglottis

Question 17

what is the roof of the vestibule

Answer 17

arytenoid cartilages

Question 18

what is lateral to the vestibule

Answer 18

aryepiglottic fold

Question 19

what is the actual airway called

Answer 19

rima glottidus

Question 20

what are the walls of the airway formed ventrally by

Answer 20

paired vocal cords

Question 21

what are the walls of the airway formed dorsally by

Answer 21

arytenlid cartilages

Question 22

where does the infraglottic cavity run from and to

Answer 22

from glottis to trachea

Question 23

what are the 4 main cartilages of the larynx

Answer 23

thyroid
epiglottis
arytenloid
cricoid

Question 24

what are the 3 mucosal folds of the larynx and functions

Answer 24

vestibular fold - marks caudal end of vestibule
vocal fold - vocalisation
aryepiglottic fold - forms epiglottis to arytenoid

Question 25

how many pairs of muscles are there in the larynx

Answer 25

8

Question 26

how many pairs of muscles close the glottis

Answer 26

7

Question 27

how many pairs of muscles open the glottis

Answer 27

1

Question 28

function of the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis

Answer 28

abducts the arytenoids and opens the glottis

Question 29

function of the cricoarytenoideus lateralis

Answer 29

one of several muscles that close the glottis

Question 30

what are the muscles of the larynx innervated by and what is the exception

Answer 30

recurrent laryngeal nerve except the cricothyroid muscle which is innervated by the cranial laryngeal nerve

Question 31

what is responsible for the part of the afferent innervation which initiates swallowing

Answer 31

glossopharyngeal nerve and vagus

Question 32

what does the cranial nerve do during swallowing

Answer 32

afferent supply of stimuli from rostral part of larynx inducing a reflex closure of the glottis during swallowing

Question 33

efferent nerves of swallowing

Answer 33

vagus accessory complex via the pharyngeal nerve of the vagus

Question 34

what does the efferent nerves do during swallowing and what is the exception

Answer 34

supplies motor pathways to all of the pharyngeal muscles except stylopharyngeus supplied by the glossopharyngeal nerve

Question 35

what is the final part of swallowing

Answer 35

conveys food bolus from oesophageal pharynx to stomach

Question 36

what happens in BAOS

Answer 36

stenotic nares abnormal shape or position of nasal turbinates extra long soft palate everted laryngeal succules narrow trachea tracheal collapse

Question 37

what happens in the dorsal displacement of soft palate in horses

Answer 37

when long soft palate is above the epiglottis - inhaled into the larynx on inspiration causing coughing/gurgling etc affecting performance