Hydrocarbons Flashcards by Heather Clark

The study of substances that must contain at least one carbon atom.

Organic chemistry

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An organic compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen. This is the simplest carbon compound, and the carbon backbones may form chains, branched chains, or rings.

Hydrocarbons

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The number of electrons an element needs to have a full valence electron shell.

Combining capacity

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Carbon atoms bound together by single, double, or triple covalent bonds.

Carbon backbone/skeleton

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A specific atom or group of atoms that is attached to a carbon atom in an organic compound and imparts an identifiable chemical behavior to the compound.

Functional groups

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A chemical formula expressing the number of atoms of each element present in a molecule of a substance, without indicating how they are linked.

Molecular formula

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A condensed version of structural formula, written all on one line and demonstrating the relationship of the substituent groups in the molecule.

Line formula

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A chemical formula showing the spatial arrangement of the atoms and the bonds of every atom.

Structural formula

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A hydrocarbon that contains only single bonds, and contains the maximum amount of hydrogen attached to the carbons.

Saturated hydrocarbon

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Rather than having the maximum attachment of hydrogen, the space in these hydrocarbons is used by creating a double or triple bond between other carbons.

Unsaturated hydrocarbon

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A type of alkene that loses one hydrogen to be able to attach to any of the functional groups. This is not a functional group.

Alkyl group

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Two or more substances that have the same molecular formula, but different structural formulas.

Isomer

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Circular in shape, and have at least one double covalent bond between carbons.

Arene (Cycloalkene) group

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Single bonded and circular in shape.

Cycloalkane (Cyclane) group

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Property of cycloalkenes and aromatic hydrocarbons- alternate double bonds between carbons that can “flip-flop” around.

Resonance

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Property of cycloalkenes and aromatic hydrocarbons- electrons are moving between carbons.

Delocalization

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During a substitution reaction, one of the hydrogen atoms is replaced to create this.

Benzene derivatives

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Can contain any element
Molecules are small in size
Ionize in water, most bonds are ionic
Faster rate of reactions
Results in large changes in the molecules
Only 4 different kinds of compounds are formed (acid,base,salt, oxides).

Inorganic Chemistry

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Must contain at least 1 carbon atom
Molecules formed are usually large
Do not ionize in water, most bonding is covalent
Reactions are slower
Small molecular changes greatly affect function
At least 12 possible compounds formed

Organic Chemistry

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Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Carbon

Four elements used the most in organic chemistry

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Hydrogen- 1
Oxygen- 2
Nitrogen- 3
Carbon- 4

Combining capacities for the 4 elements used most in organic chemistry

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How many ways can a carbon be joined to another carbon when creating a carbon backbone?

3 - Single, double, or triple bonded.

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CH20

Molecular formula for formaldehyde

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HCHO

Line formula for formaldehyde

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H | H-C=O (pretend there is a line between the top H and the carbon atom).

Structural formula for formaldehyde

If a hydrocarbon has 1-4 carbons, it would be found in nature as a _______.

Gas

If a hydrocarbon has 5-17 carbons, it would be found in nature as a _______.

Liquid

If a hydrocarbon has 18 and higher carbons, it would be found in nature as a _______.

Solid

Prefix for having 1 carbon

Meth

Prefix for having 2 carbons

Eth

Prefix for having 3 carbons

Prop

Prefix for having 4 carbons

But

Prefix for having 5 carbons

Pent

Prefix for having 6 carbons

Hex

Prefix for having 7 carbons

Hept

Prefix for having 8 carbons

Oct

Prefix for having 9 carbons

Non

Prefix for having 10 carbons

Dec

What kind of bond is found in alkanes?

Single covalent bonds

Suffix used to name an alkane

-ane

Fixed ratio used to define an alkane

CnH2n+2

1. Find the longest carbon chain 2. Number the carbons in this longest chain 3. Locate and name any alkyl groups attached to the longest chain.

Steps to help determine the name of an alkane.

The alkyl group, when ordering the longest carbon chain in an alkane, should be the _______ number possible.

Lowest

1. Position of the alkyl group 2. Name of the alkyl group 3. Name of the longest chain

The listing order when naming an alkane

Must have at least one double covalent bond, and also has single covalent bonds.

Alkene group

-ene

suffix used to name an alkene

CnH2n

Fixed ratio used to define an alkene

CnH2n+1

Fixed ratio used to define an alkyl

When ordering the longest carbon chain in an alkene, the double bond should be assigned to the _______ number possible.

Lowest

1. Position of the alkyl 2. Name of the alkyl group 3. Position of the double bond or triple bond 4. Name of the longest chain

Order of name listed for an alkene (double bond) or alkyne (triple bond).

Must contain at least one triple covalent bond, and also contains some single covalent bones.

Alkyne group

-yne

Suffix used to name an alkyne

CnH2n-2

Fixed ratio used to define an aklyne

1. Count the longest carbon chain 2. Number the carbons 3. The triple bond is assigned to the lowest number possible 4. Assign any side chains

Used to help determine the name of an alkyne

When ordering the longest carbon chain, the triple bond should be assigned to the _____ number possible.

Lowest

Have at least one double covalent bond between carbons and is circular in shape.

Arene (cycloalkene) group

Used as an organic solvent (common in dry cleaning)

Benzene

Only one hydrogen has been replaced by another element

Monosubstituted

More than one hydrogen has been replaced by another element.

Disubstitution

Used as an organic solvent and as a paint thinner

Toluene (Methylbenzene)

Has two adjacent substitutions

Ortho substitution

Replacement at opposite sides of the ring.

Para substitution

Has a substitution, skips a carbon, has another substitution.

Meta substitution

Similar to alkanes, but form rings instead of chains.

Cycloalkanes (cyclanes)

General formula is RX, R is the alkyl, X is the halide. A halide (Group 7A) may be attached to the alkyl backbone.

Alkyl Halides

What are hydrocarbons primarily used for? Keep in mind that the C-H bond is high energy.

Energy

Refer to the composition of the hydrocarbons

Octane readings (in gasoline)