Alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, etc. Flashcards
1
Q
Applied to non-living things to inhibit and kill microorganisms.
A
Disinfectants
2
Q
Inhibit decomposition, inactivate functional groups in proteins, kill microorganisms, destroy odors, and inactivate enzymes.
A
Preservation
3
Q
Help the body retain moisture.
A
Humectant
4
Q
Any compound that carries resonance - stabilized ring.
A
Aromatic
5
Q
Oxidation of organic compounds that results in a new compound.
A
Partial oxidation (moderate/cautious)
6
Q
Of organic compounds, results in carbon dioxide and water.
A
Complete oxidation
7
Q
Alcohol that you cannot drink because of additives.
A
Denatured alcohol
8
Q
Alcohol that has been purified and is free from water (200 proof).
A
Absolute alcohol
9
Q
Number of grams of formaldehyde (gas) in 100ml of solution.
A
Index
10
Q
The linking together of monomers or basic chemical units to form a polymer. A type of chemical reaction where the end product has the molecular mass that is a multiple of the original compound.
A
Polymerization
11
Q
Keep the blood in liquid state, chemicals that retard the tendency of the blood to become more viscous and prevents adverse effects of embalming fluids. Salts that react with Ca+2 in the blood (required for clotting).
A
Anticoagulants
12
Q
If the metal is:
- Na: sodium oxalate Na2C2O4
- K: potassium oxalate: K2C2O4
- Ammonium oxalate: (NH4)2C204
The salts react with Ca+2 in the blood (required for clotting), forms calcium oxalate, which is insoluble in water or blood, precipitates out of blood. (this is toxic)
A
Precipitant anticoagulant
13
Q
Sodium and potassium citrate are the salts that result from the neutralization of:
A
Citric acid
14
Q
Sodium and potassium citrate salts act with cross link Ca+2 in the blood and tie it up. Results in calcium citrate complex, which is water soluble, but the calcium is not free to interact with blood clotting proteins.
A
Sequesterant anticoagulant
15
Q
This type of anticoagulant is not toxic, but can enhance coagulation caused by bacteria like S. auerus so if injected into bodies with bacterial infections, it enhances coagulation.
A
Sequesterant
16
Q
Mask smells, but do not chemically change them.
A
Perfuming/masking agents
17
Q
Amines, formed during decomposition of proteins, smell like spoiled food or rotten fish.
A
Ptomines
18
Q
Rings that can be composed of different things.
A
Heterocyclic
19
Q
- Humectants
- Solvents
- Pre treating moist tissues pre cosmetics and restorative wax
- Bleaching agent
A
Uses for alcohol in embalming
20
Q
The first class of organic compounds that function both as a disinfectant and as a preservative. Derivatives of hydrocarbons that contain at least one -OH group. -General formula : ROH
A
Alcohol
21
Q
Any number of carbons
A
R
22
Q
If any alcohol contains a single -OH group.
A
Monohydroxyl alcohol
23
Q
If the alcohol contains two -OH groups.
A
Dihydroxyl alcohol (glycol)
24
Q
Used for humectants in embalming.
A
Dihydroxyl alcohol
25
Used for anti-freeze. Is a dihydroxyl alcohol.
Ethylene glycol
26
If an alcohol contains three -OH groups.
Trihydroxyl alcohol (glycerin)
27
The simplest alcohol.
Methyl alcohol (methanol) CH3OH`
28
Used as humectants, solvent (very hydrophilic).
Trihydroxyl alcohol
29
Used in soaps, filler in low-fat food items, can be used for cryoprotection. Is a trihydroxyl alcohol.
Embalmers- used as a solvent for embalming fluids and as a humectant.
Glycerin/glycerol
30
If an alcohol contains four or more -OH groups.
Polyhydroxyl alcohol
31
Used as humectants in embalming,
Polyhydroxyl alcohol
32
Used as a sweetener in sugar free food items, laxative, thickening agent in toothpaste. Is a polyhydroxyl alcohol.
Sorbitol
33
- If named by the carbon chain, -yl
| - If named by changing the ending of the carbon chain -ol
Two suffixes that can be used to name an alcohol
34
Carbon chain is a ring.
Aromatic hydroxide
35
Carbolic acid, hydrobenzene (other names). Is an aromatic hydroxide. Is the prototypical aromatic hydroxide.
- Organic solvent that can be used for disinfecting, dehydrating.
- Bleaching agent
- Useful for pre-treating moist tissues before applying restorative wax or cosmetics.
Phenol
36
Is an isomer of propanol, used as a disinfectant.
Isopropyl alcohol
37
Made up of two alkyl groups attached to an oxygen.
-General formula is ROH.
- Can be thought of as derivatives of water or of alcohol (HOH or R-OH).
- Distinct, sweet odor
- Clear, flammable liquids at RT
Ethers
38
An ether where the two alkyl groups are identical.
Simple ether
39
An ether where the two alkyl groups are different and the molecule is asymmetrical.
Mixed ether
40
Used as organic solvents, surgical anesthetic.
Ethers
41
Very flammable, if left long enough, they oxidize into peroxides- which are explosive.
Danger of ethers
42
The most widely used disinfectant/preservative compounds in mortuary science. Considered to be derivatives or hydrocarbons.
- Must contain at least one C=OH group
- General formula: RC=OH
Aldehydes
43
One COH group in aldehydes.
Monoaldehyde
44
Two COH groups in aldehydes.
Dialdehyde
45
Ring shaped aldehydes.
Cyclic aldehyde compounds
46
Naming is based on the alkane scheme and the suffix -al is used.
-Methane - methanal
-Ethane- ethanal
etc.
Naming aldehydes
47
The most important aldehyde, has one carbon.
Formaldehyde (methanal)
48
Made by partially oxidizing methanol.
Formaldehyde
49
- Colorless gas with irritating odor
- Combines with water to form methylene glycol
- Polymerizes
- pH effects formaldehyde
- It is neutralized by ammonia
- Cross links proteins
- Very dehydrating
- Inhalation of fumes can cause nasal and pharyngeal mucous membrane damage (known carcinogen)
- Burns your nose
- Soluble in water
Properties of Formaldehyde
50
37% Formaldehyde gas by mass or 40% by volume.
Formalin
51
Formaldehyde gas (g)/ 100ml = % by mass solution.
% by mass/ dilution (parts water) = % by volume.
Calculating Index
52
```
O
l l
C
/ \
H H
```
Structural formula for formaldehyde
53
```
O
| |
C
/ \
H
```
Aldehyde functional group
54
| |
--C -- O --C --
| |
Ether functional group
55
When making formalin, most of the formaldehyde is in this form. It is very unstable.
Methylene glycol
56
A polymer of formaldehyde, can precipitate out of a formalin solution (bad for arterial fluids).
-Useful for solid autopsy compounds- hydrolyze (break apart) in the presence of moisture to formaldehyde. Good for tissue preservation.
Paraformaldehyde
57
Decomposes into a salt and methanol (Neither is useful for arterial fluid).
Formaldehyde in high pH (basic)
58
Polymerizes into paraformaldehyde.
Formaldehyde in low pH (acidic)
59
Formed when formaldehyde is neutralized by ammonia. This forms crystals and is not good for preservation.
-Acts as a nitrogen source (any compound high in nitrogen can neutralize formaldehyde).
Urotropin
60
Stabilizes the protein, locks it into place, and preserves the shape (makes the body firm). Inserts methylene bridges (cross links) between nitrogens in amino acids.
Formaldehyde cross links proteins
61
Contain two C=OH groups. Yellow in color and not useful in embalming fluid.
Dialdehyde
62
The smallest dialdehyde, used for cavity embalming (because of the yellowish color, tissue embalming is a no go).
Glyoxal
63
A dialdehyde, gentler than formaldehyde as a preservative and is an excellent disinfectant. Considered a cold sterilant and can kill endospores.
Gluteraldehyde
64
Primarily used as perfuming agents. They are volatile compounds with distinct odors.
Cyclic aldehydes
65
- Almonds - Benzaldehyde
- Cinnamon- Cinnamaldehyde
- Anise- Anisaldehyde
Scents of cyclic aldehydes
66
Have the carbonyl group (C=O) inside the chain, aldehydes have them at the end of the chain (C=OH). Must have at least three carbons.
- General formula: R-C=O-R
Ketones
67
R R
\ /
C
| |
O
Keytone functional group
68
The only ketone of importance to embalmers.
- Organic solvent - dissolves most organic compounds and it dissolves in water. (water is inorganic)
- Dissolves certain kinds of plastics, so it is not recommended as an embalming fluid (unless the machine parts do not contain any plastic).
- Mostly used as an external solvent for removing things like bandages from bodies.
Acetone
69
Have one -COOH group. "Fatty acids" because they naturally occur in fats and oils.
Monocarboxylic acids
70
Take the name of the corresponding alkane, drop the -e and add the suffix -oic acid.
i.e.- Methane (1 carbon) becomes methanoic acid.
Also common names derived from their sources.
Naming monocarboxylic acids
71
Organic acids. General formula is R-COOH.
Carboxylic acid
72
A strong acid that is colorless, has a strong odor, and will burn and blister exposed skin.
Originally isolated from ants s its common name s derived from the name of the ant L. formica
Methanoic acid (Formic acid)
73
The compound that gives vinegar its sharp odor and taste.
| -Most compounds use this acid in dilute solutions
Acetic acid (ethanoic acid)
74
Pure acetic acid, can freeze at RT. Also called "waterless" acetic acid because water as an impurity is removed.
Glacial acetic acid
75
When a carboxylic acid (organic acids) are combined with a(n) __1_____ base, they undergo neutralization and form a(n) ____2_____ and water.
1. Inorganic
| 2. Organic salt
76
Have two -COOH groups. They are reduced to aldehydes.
Dicarboxylic acids
77
When a dicarboxylic acide is combined with a(n) ____1____ base, they undergo neutralization and form an inorganic salt that can be used as an _____2_____.
1. Inorganic base
| 2. Anti-coagulant
78
When citric acid is neutralized, it forms salts that act as ________ anticoagulants.
Sequesterant
79
This is a chelator, but is also considered a sequestering anticoagulant because it also ties up calcium.
EDTA (calcium chelator)
80
Most favored anticoagulants that work by binding metallic ions (like calcium).
Chelators
81
O
| |
R--C--- O -- R
Ester functional group
82
Formed by reacting an organic acid with an alcohol.
Esters
83
Perfuming or masking agents in embalming fluid.
Use of esters
84
Made by reacting salicylic acid with methyl alcohol.
- In small amounts, it covers the smell of harsh organic solvents, alcohols, and aldehydes.
- In large amounts it can cause toxicity
- Base chemical for aspirin, so too much is similar to aspirin toxicity.
Methyl salicylic (Oil of wintergreen)
85
Derivatives of ammonia. Where one of the H in NH3 is replaced with an alkyl group or aromatic group. (this is not the ammonia ion NH4).
- Formed during decomposition of proteins and are sometimes called ptomines (in relationship to putrefying or decaying matter).
- They smell like spoiled rotting food and dead fish
Amine functional group
86
R-- N -- H
|
H
Primary amine
87
R--N--R
|
H
Secondary amine
88
R--N--R
|
R
Tertiary amine
89
Number of carbons attached directly to the nitrogen.
How amines get their primary, secondary and tertiary status
90
General formula is RNH2
Amine
91
```
Amines that are functional groups off a benzene ring.
-can be heterocyclic
-The nitrogen is part of the ring
+5 member rings
+6 member rings
+ quartenary ammonium compounds
```
Aromatic amines
92
Nitrogen is in the functional group attached to a benzene ring structure.
Aniline
93
Nitrogen is part of a 5 membered heterocyclic ring (the other 4 members are carbon).
Pyrrole
94
Nitrogen is part of a 6 membered heterocyclic ring (the other 5 members are carbon)
Pyridine
95
Salts of amines, all four hydrogens are associated with ammonium are replaced with an alkyl group or aromatic ring.
Have disinfectant properties.
- Benzalkonium chloride - contact solution, liquid soap, lysol
- Benzethonium chloride - embalming fluid
- Ceepryn chloride (cetyl-pyridinium chloride)
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
96
Used in embalming fluids to act as a germicide and to disinfect instruments and surfaces.
-They are inactivated by alkaline substances (bases) like soap.
QAC in embalming
97
When an amine (which is an organic) ___1___ is combined with carboxylic acid (which is an organic ___2___, it can form an amide, which is an __3___ salt.
1. Base
2. Acid
3. Ammonium
98
The amide salt formed from the neutralization of carbonic acid.
-waste product of human metabolism
Urea
99
Ammonium salts that result from neutralization of amines and carboxylic acid.
Amides
100
When the kidneys fail to clear urea from the blood (a sign of kidney failure), urea can build up in the blood stream and this would neutralize formaldehyde when embalming. This means that the demand for formaldehyde is increased.
Urea and embalming
