Biochemistry, proteins and enzymes

Question 1

The study of chemical compounds produced and used by living organisms.

Answer 1

Biochemistry

Question 2

Stops decomposition

Answer 2

Preservation

Question 3

Stops microorganisms

Answer 3

Disinfection

Question 4

Contain a carboxyl group (COOH) and an amino group (NH), because they contain the functional groups that act as organic acids and organic bases, amino acids act as either. A compound that acts as an acid and a base (buffer).

Answer 4

Amphoterism/Amphoteric

Question 5

Dipolar ion, another name for an amino acid. Positive on one end, negative on the other.

Answer 5

Zwitter ion

Question 6

A covalent bond, formed by removing a hydroxyl group COH from carboxyl hydrogen (H) from the amino group.

Answer 6

Peptide bond

Question 7

Forming of a peptide bond, removal of a molecule of water to link the two subunits together.

Answer 7

Dehydration synthesis

Question 8

Breaking down in the presence of water. Water molecules are inserted in-between peptide bonds and breaks down the compound into individual amino acids.

Answer 8

Hydrolysis

Question 9

The linking of proteins, occurs between the nitrogens in amino acids.

Answer 9

Cross-link

Question 10

Nitrogen is the side chain in this group (not a functional group).
- Hydroxproline, tryptophan, arginine, and histadine

Answer 10

Imide group

Question 11

Caused by hypostasis, is a result of hemoglobin, red blood cells settle at the bottom of blood vessels and in lower parts of the body. Red discoloration.
-Can be cleared with arterial fluid (moves the blood cells around again).

Answer 11

Livor mortis/ post mortem lividity

Question 12

The settling of red blood cells at the bottom of blood vessels and in the lower parts of the body.

Answer 12

Hypostasis

Question 13

Caused by decomposition, blood cells may break down and leak from the capillaries into the tissue, causing a reddish purple stain.
-beliverdin and bilirubin can leak into the tissue as well (broken down from hemoglobin), causing a greenish or yellow stain.

Answer 13

Post mortem stain

Question 14

The breaking down of blood cells.

Answer 14

Hemolysis

Question 15

Altering the shape of protein and altering its ability to function.

• Inactivates the protein
• Caused by increased temperature, lower pH, heavy metals, alcohol.

Answer 15

Denature

Question 16

Protein breaking enzymes that break small peptide chains into individual amino acids.

Answer 16

Proteolytic

Question 17

Occurs in an anaerobic environment, caused by enzymes (human and bacterial in nature) includes hydrolysis, deamination, and decarboxylation.

Answer 17

Putrefaction

Question 18

Involves removing the amino group from an amino acid, products are ammonia and a carboxylic acid.

Answer 18

Deamination

Question 19

Removing the carboxyl group of an amino acid, products simultaneously with deamination.

Answer 19

Decarboxylation

Question 20

The protein part of an enzyme.

Answer 20

Apoenzyme

Question 21

An organic component of an enzyme, often an ion such as Ca2+ or Mg2+ (any trace elements).

Answer 21

Cofactor

Question 22

Organic cofactors - vitamins, ATP, NADH, coenzyme A.

Answer 22

Coenzyme

Question 23

Apoenzyme + cofactors (or coenzymes), able to catalyze reactions.

Answer 23

Active enzyme

Question 24

Where chemical reactants bind on an enzyme. Orientation of the substance is often aligned by the cofactors.

Answer 24

Active site

Question 25

In an aerobic environment, caused by enzymes, organic substances are broken down into much simpler forms of matter.

Answer 25

Decomposition

Question 26

Self breaking apart, comes from our own cells that break apart tissues.

Answer 26

Autolysis

Question 27

Bacteria that rely on dead or decaying matter. | -enzymes

Answer 27

Saprophytic

Question 28

True or false -Biochemistry expands on organic chemistry

Answer 28

True

Question 29

1. Protein 2. Carbohydrates 3. Lipids 4. Nucleotides

Answer 29

The four kinds of compounds that are studied in biochemistry

Question 30

- Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur - ions: Sodium, magnesium, chloride, potassium, calcium - Trace elements: manganese, iron, cobalt, copper, zinc (metallic or metal elements)

Answer 30

Types of atoms used in biochemical compounds

Question 31

All of biological chemistry happens in a system based with this. - People are 68-70% composed of this - Special properties make this the ideal substance for biological chemistry to occur in. - high specific heat - high heat of vaporization - high heat of fusion

Answer 31

Water

Question 32

The goal is to stop proteins from breaking down by cross-linking them.

Answer 32

Embalmers

Question 33

These are made by joining amino acids together using a special type of covalent bond called peptide bonds.

Answer 33

Proteins

Question 34

A. Alpha carbon - this is the central carbon B. Carboxyl group - carboxylic acid C. Amino group- amine functional group D. Some have side chains - R group

Answer 34

The 4 parts of amino acids

Question 35

This part of the amino acid acts as an acid.

Answer 35

Carboxyl group

Question 36

This part of the amino acid acts as a base.

Answer 36

Amino group

Question 37

When an amino acid oxidizes, this portion becomes negatively charged.

Answer 37

The carboxyl group

Question 38

Amino acids are joined ___1___ end to ___2____ end.

Answer 38

1. Amino | 2. Carboxyl

Question 39

1. Between the nitrogens in the amino acid side chains. 2. Between the nitrogens in the amino group. 3. Between the nitrogens in the peptide bonds.

Answer 39

The 3 nitrogen containing places in a protein that formaldehyde can insert a methylene bridge.

Question 40

Describes the amino acids joined together by peptide bonds. This is a string of amino acids. (polypeptide)

Answer 40

Primary structure of proteins

Question 41

Hydrogen bonds form between the functional groups of amino acids. This is when the primary structure of proteins is folded into helix and pleated sheet shapes.

Answer 41

Secondary structure of proteins

Question 42

Interaction between the pleated sheet and helices occur giving rise to a unique 3-D shape.

Answer 42

Tertiary structure of proteins

Question 43

Interaction of polypeptides. The molecular interactions at each level of protein folding give rise to the protein's shape.

Answer 43

Quatenary structure of proteins

Question 44

Contains 4 polypeptide chains and 4 hemes. Carries oxygen in the blood and are recycled every 120 days.These break down into biliverdin and bilirubin and carbon monoxide.

Answer 44

Hemoglobin

Question 45

Green product of the breakdown of hemoglobin.

Answer 45

Biliverdin

Question 46

Yellow product of the breakdown of hemoglobin.

Answer 46

Bilirubin

Question 47

Break down small peptide chains into amino acids. | -results in carbon dioxide, water, urea, and energy.

Answer 47

Proteolytic enzymes

Question 48

Takes up formaldehyde by neutralizing it, which increases the demand for formaldehyde.

Answer 48

Urea

Question 49

1. Hydrolysis 2. Deamination 3. Decarboxylation

Answer 49

Types of chemical reactions that cause proteins to break down during putrefaction.

Question 50

1. Deamination | 2. Decarboxylation

Answer 50

Types of chemical reactions that cause amino acids to break down during putrefaction.

Question 51

Orderly manner of breaking down proteins that you eat. Stomach uses acidic pH and enzymes to break large proteins into smaller polypeptide chains.

Answer 51

Digestion

Question 52

In living people, these are protein catalysts that enormously speed up reactions. - lower the energy of activation - speed the rate of spontaneous reactions - can be used over and over again - used in digestion

Answer 52

Enzymes in living people

Question 53

Cause decay and putrefaction.

Answer 53

Enzymes in deceased people

Question 54

Lower the activation energy, therefore increases free energy. (do not add or remove energy). Form a noncovalent complex with their substrates called the enzyme substrate complex (ES complex) at the active site. When the EX complex breaks up, it releases product.

Answer 54

How enzymes catalyze chemical reactions.

Question 55

The reactants upon which the enzyme acts.

Answer 55

Substrates