Humoral Immune Response II

Question 1

Naive B lymphocytes express two classes of membrane bound antibodies

Answer 1

IgM and IgD

Question 2

One activated B cell may generate up to ___ plasma cells

Answer 2

4,000 which can produce 10^12 antibodies per day

Question 3

How many antibodies produced per second in plasma cell?

Answer 3

10,000

Question 4

Repeated exposure leads to an increased

Answer 4

affinity for the antigen–> immune response becomes for efficient

Question 5

The better the fit b/t antibody-binding site and antigen, the…

Answer 5

higher the affinity

Question 6

BCR and complement receptor

Answer 6

bind to fragments of compliment proteins and deliver an additional signal to the B-cell nucleus

Question 7

When a B cell doesn’t find a antigen or appropriate Th cell, it leaves the node and moves on the the next node via

Answer 7

efferent lymphatics

Question 8

B cells and Th cells enter lymph node through

Answer 8

HEV’s and interact to effect B cell activation

Question 9

Triggers response or carries antigen to secondary lymphoid organs

Answer 9

dendritic cells. Th2 humoral

Question 10

B cells phagocytize antigen and fragments it, presented in MHC II and recognized by T cell receptor. What recognizes MHC II?

Answer 10

CD4

Question 11

Where do B cells proliferate?

Answer 11

lymph nodes and germinal centers

Question 12

germinal center forms from

Answer 12

primary lymphoid follicles

Question 13

Dividing B cells are called

Answer 13

centroblast

Question 14

Resting B cells are called

Answer 14

centrocytes

Question 15

Germinal centers contain

Answer 15

Th cells and follicular dendritic cells

Question 16

What are the type of cells that differentiate from B cells?

Answer 16

plasma and memory

Question 17

Plasma cells leave through

Answer 17

efferent lymphatics

Question 18

Plasma cells produce antibodies. ___ in primary immune response

Answer 18

IgM

Question 19

In secondary antibody response, we have participation of memory B cells so the response is quicker and stronger. ___ in secondary immune response

Answer 19

IgG

Question 20

Neutralization

Answer 20

bacterial toxins, neutralized & then phagocytized

Question 21

Opsonization

Answer 21

whole membrane is covered w/ antibody

-phagocytic cells have Fc receptor to recognize antibody and ingest & lysis of bacteria

Question 22

Complement activation

Answer 22

Bacteria in plasma, activated on pathogen IgG or IgM, ingestion & lysis

Question 23

The ability of a receptor to bind to an antigen is determined by the ____

Answer 23

shape of its binding site

Question 24

The info needed to make all proteins, including antigen receptors is in the

Answer 24

genome of plasma cells

Question 25

Mammals could express up to 10^15 different antigen binding receptors on

Answer 25

B & T cells | -they use fewer than 500 genes!!!

Question 26

Antibodies are proteins which are made up of

Answer 26

amino acids that can make shapes

Question 27

Several genes code for the ___ while one gene codes for the ___

Answer 27

variable, constant

Question 28

Gene diversity

Answer 28

gene recombination, somatic mutation, gene conversion

Question 29

Antigen receptor chains are coded for by

Answer 29

3 genes from separate groups

Question 30

Gene recombination

Answer 30

- one gene from each light and heavy chain selected - IgK(kappa) IgL(lambda) - Deleting unwanted genes that aren't selected - during B cell development, each cell has 4 attempts to make a productive gene rearrangement coding for a functional immunoglobulin. - If it fails the 4th time--> APOPTOSIS

Question 31

Somatic Mutation

Answer 31

- occurs on B cell receptors or antibodies - difference b/t variable region of TCR and immunoglobulins is CDRs - TCR-no somatic mutation - Immunoglobulin light chain-somatic mutation or gene conversion

Question 32

Immunoglobulins have ____ CDRs

Answer 32

3

Question 33

How many bases encode for one amino acid?

Answer 33

3

Question 34

Somatic mutation 1

Answer 34

reduced antigen binding --> apoptosis

Question 35

Somatic mutation 2

Answer 35

enhanced antigen binding - 3 reduced antigen binding--> apoptosis - 4 advanced antigen binding--> clonal expansion

Question 36

Gene conversion

Answer 36

- insertion of group of genes on variable region | - segments of upstream genes or pseudogenes are inserted into a single V region to generate diversity

Question 37

T cell Receptor

Answer 37

- only gene cell recombination in variable region - The basic structure of the 3 gene loci that code for the 4 diff TCR chains. The genes for beta chains are embedded w/in the alpha chain genes to form a single locus - all variability and specifity come from selection of the genes

Question 38

every time plasma cells divide they get

Answer 38

higher affinity