human responses to the environment Flashcards

1
Q

receptor

A

structure that receives a stimulus and converts it into an
impulse

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2
Q

effector

A

gland or organ that brings about a response to stimuli received
by the body

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3
Q

stimulus

A

detectable change in the internal or external environment

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4
Q

impulse

A

electrical signal created by receptor organs in response to
stimuli

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5
Q

transmit

A

to send something from one place to another

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6
Q

autonomic
nervous system

A

controls our involuntary bodily functions; it is divided into the
sympathetic(fight/flight) and parasympathetic (return body to normal status) nervous system

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7
Q

peripheral
nervous system

A

consists of nerves that extend outside the central nervous
system (brain and spinal cord)

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8
Q

cranium

A

part of the skull that contains and protects the brain

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9
Q

meninges

A

protective membranes surrounding the brain & spinal cord

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10
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

fluid around the brain and spinal cord to aid in protection

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11
Q

grey matter

A

part of the brain and spinal cord consisting of cell bodies
and dendrites

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12
Q

white matter

A

part of the brain and spinal cord consisting of myelinated
axons

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13
Q

neuron

A

specialised nerve cells which transmits nerve impulses

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14
Q

dendrites

A

fibres that transmit impulses to a cell body in a neuron

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15
Q

nerve

A

bundle of neurons

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16
Q

synapse

A

the gap between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite
of another

17
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemicals which carry impulses across the synapse

18
Q

homeostasis

A

the tendency of living organisms to maintain their internal
environment constant within narrow limits irrespective of
changes in the external environments

19
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

is a neurodegenerative disease usually in older people
and characterized by memory loss and confusion

progressive brain cell death

treatment:
1- medication to maintain mental functioning

2- control behavioural symptoms eg anxiety (medication)

20
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

disease where bodies immune system progressively attacks myelin sheath covering neurons. this prevents them from functioning properly.
and characterised by pain and difficulty walking

treatment:
1- anti inflammatory
2- muscle relaxants
3- physiotherapy

21
Q

. Cerebellum functions (2)

-“bell” VoMB

A

1- Coordinates all
voluntary movements

2- Controls controls muscle tone (tension in muscles ) = to maintain posture + balance

22
Q

Medulla oblongata functions (2)

A

1- Transmits nerve impulses
between the spinal cord
and the brain

2- Controls involuntary
actions such as heartbeat
and breathing

23
Q

Hypothalamus (1)

A

Control centre for hunger,
thirst, sleep, body
temperature and emotions

24
Q

Corpus callosum (2)

A

1- Connects the left and
right hemispheres of
the brain – allowing
communication between
both hemispheres

2- made of white matter

25
cerebrum structural adaptation (4)
1- largest part of the brain 2- divided into 2 hemispheres by corpus callosum 3- outer layer: cerebral cortex= made of grey matter 4- gyri (folds) + sulci (grooves) = enlarges brain surface (mneumonic: gyri folds sulci's grooves)
26
cerebellum structural adaptations (3)
1- second largest part of brain 2- located behind and below the cerebrum 3- grey matter = outside white matter = inside, arranged like a branched tree
27
medulla oblongata structural adaptations (3)
1- lower part of brain 2- extension of spinal cord 3- white matter = outside great matter = inside (H-shaped)
28
cerebrum functions (2) "brum VoSH"
1- controls all Voluntary movements (walking, speaking) 2- sensations: receive + interprets sensations from sense organs (hearing,smell, feeling, taste) 3- Higher thought process (memory, intelligence, reasoning)