human responses to the environment

Question 1

receptor

Answer 1

structure that receives a stimulus and converts it into an
impulse

Question 2

effector

Answer 2

gland or organ that brings about a response to stimuli received
by the body

Question 3

stimulus

Answer 3

detectable change in the internal or external environment

Question 4

impulse

Answer 4

electrical signal created by receptor organs in response to
stimuli

Question 5

transmit

Answer 5

to send something from one place to another

Question 6

autonomic
nervous system

Answer 6

controls our involuntary bodily functions; it is divided into the
sympathetic(fight/flight) and parasympathetic (return body to normal status) nervous system

Question 7

peripheral
nervous system

Answer 7

consists of nerves that extend outside the central nervous
system (brain and spinal cord)

Question 8

cranium

Answer 8

part of the skull that contains and protects the brain

Question 9

meninges

Answer 9

protective membranes surrounding the brain & spinal cord

Question 10

cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 10

fluid around the brain and spinal cord to aid in protection

Question 11

grey matter

Answer 11

part of the brain and spinal cord consisting of cell bodies
and dendrites

Question 12

white matter

Answer 12

part of the brain and spinal cord consisting of myelinated
axons

Question 13

neuron

Answer 13

specialised nerve cells which transmits nerve impulses

Question 14

dendrites

Answer 14

fibres that transmit impulses to a cell body in a neuron

Question 15

nerve

Answer 15

bundle of neurons

Question 16

synapse

Answer 16

the gap between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite
of another

Question 17

neurotransmitter

Answer 17

chemicals which carry impulses across the synapse

Question 18

homeostasis

Answer 18

the tendency of living organisms to maintain their internal
environment constant within narrow limits irrespective of
changes in the external environments

Question 19

Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 19

is a neurodegenerative disease usually in older people
and characterized by memory loss and confusion

progressive brain cell death

treatment:
1- medication to maintain mental functioning

2- control behavioural symptoms eg anxiety (medication)

Question 20

multiple sclerosis

Answer 20

disease where bodies immune system progressively attacks myelin sheath covering neurons. this prevents them from functioning properly.
and characterised by pain and difficulty walking

treatment:
1- anti inflammatory
2- muscle relaxants
3- physiotherapy

Question 21

. Cerebellum functions (2)

-“bell” VoMB

Answer 21

1- Coordinates all
voluntary movements

2- Controls controls muscle tone (tension in muscles ) = to maintain posture + balance

Question 22

Medulla oblongata functions (2)

Answer 22

1- Transmits nerve impulses
between the spinal cord
and the brain

2- Controls involuntary
actions such as heartbeat
and breathing

Question 23

Hypothalamus (1)

Answer 23

Control centre for hunger,
thirst, sleep, body
temperature and emotions

Question 24

Corpus callosum (2)

Answer 24

1- Connects the left and
right hemispheres of
the brain – allowing
communication between
both hemispheres

2- made of white matter

Question 25

cerebrum structural adaptation (4)

Answer 25

1- largest part of the brain

2- divided into 2 hemispheres by corpus callosum

3- outer layer: cerebral cortex= made of grey matter

4- gyri (folds) + sulci (grooves) = enlarges brain surface (mneumonic: gyri folds sulci’s grooves)

Question 26

cerebellum structural adaptations (3)

Answer 26

1- second largest part of brain

2- located behind and below the cerebrum

3- grey matter = outside
white matter = inside, arranged like a branched tree

Question 27

medulla oblongata structural adaptations (3)

Answer 27

1- lower part of brain

2- extension of spinal cord

3- white matter = outside
great matter = inside (H-shaped)

Question 28

cerebrum functions (2)

“brum VoSH”

Answer 28

1- controls all Voluntary movements (walking, speaking)

2- sensations: receive + interprets sensations from sense organs (hearing,smell, feeling, taste)

3- Higher thought process (memory, intelligence, reasoning)