cellular respiration Flashcards
define respiration
breaking down of organic compounds (glucose) with the gradual release of energy that is stored in ATP molecules
metabolism
chemical processes in organisms which are controlled by enzymes
what are the 5 imp of energy
1- growth
2- cell division
3- movement
4- transport of substances
5- active transport
aerobic respiration
respiration in the presence of oxygen
mitochondrion
organelle / site for respiration
ATP
general energy carrier molecule in cells (adenosine triphosphate)
4 adaptations of mitochondrion
1- outer membrane is smooth= easy movement of mitochondrion through cytoplasm
2- outer membrane is selectively permeable= permeable to O2 and pyruvic acid (req for last 2 phases of cellular respiration)
3- inner membrane is highly folded= form cristae, incre SA for enzyme attachment
4- lumen/ matrix contain DNA + ribosomes= for making (synthesis) of enzymes req for cellular respiration
what are the 3 stages of aerobic respiration and where do they take place
- Glycolysis – takes place in the cytoplasm
- Krebs Cycle – takes place inside the mitochondrion
- Oxidative Phosphorylation – takes place inside the mitochondrion
Glycolysis (4)
1- takes place outside the mitochondrion, in the cytoplasm of the cell
2- no oxygen is required during this stage
3- glucose is broken down into smaller molecules, releasing a small amount of
energy that is stored in energy-rich ATP molecules
4- releases high energy hydrogen ions (H+) that are used in the third stage of
cellular respiration (oxidative phosphorylation)
5- 2 pyruvic acid molecules, 3 carbon atoms each formed
Krebs Cycle (5)
1- can only take place if oxygen is present
2- occurs inside of the mitochondrion
3-releases carbon dioxide and high energy hydrogen ions (H+)
4- transports hydrogen atoms to the third stage (oxidative phosphorylation) via
hydrogen carrier enzymes
5- series of cyclic reactions take place
Oxidative Phosphorylation (5)
1- takes place inside of the mitochondrion and requires oxygen
2- passes high energy hydrogen atoms from one hydrogen carrier enzyme to the
next, releasing energy in the process
3- uses released energy to combine a phosphate molecule to an ADP
(Adenosine Di-phosphate) molecule to form ATP – called phosphorylation
4- is represented in the formula: ADP + P ATP
5- oxygen acts as a final hydrogen acceptor binding with the hydrogen forming
water which is released as a waste product of cellular respiration
anaerobic respiration
respiration in absence of oxygen
fermentation
type of anaerobic respiration in yeast (and other) cells
alcoholic fermentation
breaking down of glucose in absence of oxygen, to
give rise to the production of alcohol in plant cells.
- glycolysis occurs, producing pyruvic acid which in plants during anaerobic resp are broken down further during alcohol fermentation to produce alcohol and CO2
lactic acid fermentation
breaking down of glucose in absence of oxygen (anaerobic resp) to
form lactic acid in animal cells.
- glycolysis occurs, producing pyruvic acid which in animals during anaerobic respiration is further broken down during lactic acid fermentation into lactic acid
lactic acid
acid formed in muscle cells, during anaerobic
respiration; leads to muscle exhaustion / cramping
toxin that leads to muscle stiffness + muscle pain
why/ when does anaerobic respiration occur in humans
occurs: humans: strenous acty, if aerobic respiration is not supplying enough O2 then anaerobic respration occurs to supplement the energy supply. the O2 supply rate to tissue doesn’t match rate of respiration req.
what are the products of aerobic respiration
CO2 and H2O
what are the products of anaerobic respiration
animal: lactic acid
plant + yeast cell: CO2 and alcohol
lime water
solution used to test for carbon dioxide
lactic acid bacteria
produce lactic acid via anaerobic resp, used to make cheese and yoghurt, it turns milk sour and reduces its pH
renin
enzyme, proteases, used to make cheese, its added to cuddle milk, incre clumping
biotechnology
use of living organisms in industrial process
anaerobic respiration which occurs in yeast cells
alcoholic fermentation
anaerobic respiration which occurs in muscle cells
lactic acid fermentation
malted barley
germinating malt grains which are dried and finely chopped in the process of brewing beer
describe the beer making process(8)
1- barleycorn soaked in water till it starts germinating
2- this germinating grain is dried and chopped (now called malted barley)
3- malted barley is mixed with warm water, and sugar in barley dissolves .
4- now called wort(sweet, syrupy liquid) is drained
5- hops are added to the wort and boiled (hop: flower gives beer its bitter taste)
6- yeast cells added to the wort - hops mix and left to fermentate
7- yeast converts the sugar to alcohol and CO2 during fermentation (co2 is the bubble )
8- when fermentation done, yeast cells sink to bottom of container, its then filtered out and beer bottled
describe the wine making process (7)
1- grapes picked and pressed
2- pulp placed into vat
3- yeast is added
4- fermentation occurs at controlled temp
5- alcohol and CO2 released
6- skins and seeds removed via filtration
7- further fermentation and placed into ageing barrels
describe the bread making process (4)
1- dough is made from flour, water
2- yeast is added
3- left in warm place (1 hr), Co2 formed and dough rises (due to co2)
4- bake (alcohol evaporates, yeast cells destroyed by high temp)
describe cheese making process (5)
1- lactic acid bacteria added to milk
2- reninin added to cuddle milk
3- curd cut into slabs
4- curd compressed + left to ripen
5- cheese
