genetics and inheritance Flashcards

1
Q

locus

A

the exact position (location) of a gene on a chromosome

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2
Q

filial generation (F1)

A

offspring of parent organisms

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3
Q

gene

A

a segment of DNA in
a chromosome that codes for
a particular
characteristic

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4
Q

alleles

A

2 alternative forms of a gene at the same locus

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5
Q

genotype

A

The total genetic composition of an organism.
It’s the info present in the gene alleles

Eg, BB, Bb, or bb

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6
Q

phenotype

A

the physical
appearance of an
organism based on
the genotype, e.g. tall,
short

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7
Q

dominant
allele

A

An allele that masks or suppresses the expression of the allele partner on the chromosome pair and the dominant characteristic is seen in the homozygous (eg, TT) and heterozygous state (eg, Tt) in the phenotype

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8
Q

recessive
allele

A

An allele that is suppressed when the allele partner is dominant. The recessive trait will only be expressed/seen if both alleles for the trait are homozygous recessive e.g.: tt

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9
Q

heterozygous

A

An individual having two non-identical alleles for a characteristic

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10
Q

homozygous

A

When two alleles that control a single trait (on the same locus) are identical.

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11
Q

monohybrid
cross

A

a genetic cross involving one characteristic eg colour of seeds

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12
Q

dihybrid cross

A

a genetic cross involving 2 diff characteristics eg shape and colour of seeds

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13
Q

complete
dominance

A

a type of inheritance
where the
dominant allele
masks the
expression of a
recessive allele
in the heterozygous condition

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14
Q

incomplete
dominance

A

the type of inheritance where both alleles express themselves in such a way that an intermediate phenotype is formed

eg, a white flowering plant crossed with a red flowering plant will produce a pink flowering plant

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15
Q

co-dominance

A

the type of inheritance where both alleles are equally dom and both express themselves equally in the phenotype

eg, a white cow crossed with a red bull will produce a calf with red and white patches

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16
Q

multiple
alleles

A

when there are more than 2 possible alleles for one gene locus

eg, blood groups

17
Q

karyotype

A

the number,
shape and
arrangement of
the
chromosomes
in the nucleus
of a somatic
cell

18
Q

cloning

A

process by which
genetically identical
organisms are formed
using biotechnology

19
Q

genetic
modification

A

manipulation of the
genetic material of
an organism to get
desired changes

20
Q

human
genome

A

mapping of the exact
position of all the
genes in all the
chromosomes of a
human

21
Q

homologous
pair of
chromosomes

A

a set of one maternal and one paternal chromosome that pair up
with each other inside a cell during meiosis – homologous
chromosomes are the same size and shape, and carry the same
or similar alleles

22
Q

Mendel’s First Law of Inheritance: Law (principle) of Segregation

A

the 2 alleles for each gene are placed in diff gametes

23
Q

Mendel’s Second Law of Inheritance: Law of Dominance

A

when 2 alleles of an inherited pair is heterozygous, then the allele that is expressed in the phenotype is dominant whereas the allele not expressed is recessive

24
Q

Mendel’s Third Law of Inheritance: Law (principle) of Independent
Assortment

A

the alleles of 2 (or more) different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another

25
albinism
the condition that results from the absence of skin pigmentation
26
artificial selection/ selective breading
the breading of organisms over many generations to achieve a desirable phenotype
27
biotechnology
the use of biological processes, organisms or systems to improve the quality of human life
28
clone
a copy of an organism that is genetically identical to the original organism
29
chromatin network
visible as thread-like structures in the nucleus of an inactive cell
30
chromosome
a structure made up of 2 chromatids joined by a centromere that carries the hereditary characteristics within the DNA
31
gene mutation
a change of one or more Nitrogen bases in the DNA of an organism
32
genetic variation
this includes a variety of diff genes that may differ from maternal and paternal genes resulting in new genotypes and phenotypes
33
haemophilia
a sex linked disorder characterised by the absence of a blood clotting factor
34
mutation
a sudden change in the sequence/order of nitrogenous bases of a nucleic acid
35
pedigree diagram
a diagram showing the inheritance of genetic disorders over many generation
36
population
a group of organisms of the same species living in the same habitat at the same time
37
stem cells/ meristematic cells
undifferentiated cells that can develop into any cell type