biodiversity and classification of micro organisms Flashcards
name the 5 kingdoms
1- Monera (bacteria)
2- protista
3- fungi
4- plantae
5- animalia
(MPrFPlA , My Principles Family Plants Animals )
unicellular definition + an kingdom
an organism consisting of only one cell
- prostista kingdom
multicellular definition + the 3 kingdoms
an organism made up of many cells
- 1- fungi
2- plantae
3- animalia
biodiversity
the variety of organisms found in an area or on Earth
name the 2 categories micro organisms classified into
1- unicellular
2- multicellular
taxonomist
the scientist responsible for placing organisms into specific groups
capsid
a protein coat surrounding the nucleic material of a virus
acellular
non-cellular
obligate intracellular
parasite
obligate = forced; a parasitic organism that cannot complete its
life-cycle without exploiting a suitable host (if an obligate
parasite cannot obtain a host it will fail to reproduce)
basically: parasite that only reproduces within living cells
host
an organism that harbours a parasite
pathogenic
an organism that causes disease
bacteriophage
a type of virus that infects bacteria; the word “phage” means to
eat”
nucleoid
an irregularly shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote that
contains all or most of the genetic material
name 5 characteristics of a virus
1- parasitic: requires a host -> host/ tissue specific
( 1- some only survive on tobacco plant leaves, 2- some only survive in salivary glands of humans), if cannot find a host it becomes dormant (form crystals and can survive long in this state)
2- pathogenic: harmful, cause diseases in living organisms
3- don’t/ cant respire, feed or excrete waste
4- non living : only property of life is reproduction, can only reproduce inside cells of host ( obligate intracellular parasites) reproduces by transforming hosts nucleic acids into virus nucleic acid when they multiply
5- Acellular: consist of no cells. they also do not have a cytoplasm, nucleus nor organelles. they do have either DNA or RNA (never both) which is surrounded and protected by an outer protein coat or capsid.
NOTE: for understanding sake, all other organisms
have BOTH DNA and RNA, have one of either makes the virus characteristic special
prokaryotic
an organism where the nuclear material is not enclosed in a
membrane
aka: no definite nucleus
- monera (bacteria)
eukaryotic
any single or multicellular group of organisms that have a
membrane-bound nucleus containing genetic material
aka : have definite nucleus
- 1- protista
2- fungi
3- plantae
4- animalia
flagellum
long, thread,whip-like, protruding filaments that help cells or microorganisms
move;
plural :flagella, singular: flagellum
helps bacteria move in liquid
autotrophic
organisms which can synthesize their own food e.g. green
plants, algae and some bacteria
heterotrophic
any organism that sources food from its environment because
it cannot make its own food, e.g. animals, fungi, most bacteria
name 3 diseases caused by viruses
1- HIV
2- rabies
3- influenza
saprophytic
plant or fungal microorganisms that feeds on dead or decaying
tissues of other organisms
binary fission
asexual reproduction of a single cell in which divides by
mitosis; the cell regenerates as two or more separate cells
having the same chromosomal identities as the parent cell
- asexual reproduction in which bacteria reproduces by single cell splitting
aerobic bacteria
bacteria that live in presence of O2
anaerobic bacteria
bacteria that live in the absence of O2
name the 2 categories that bacteria can be classified in based on where they live
1- aerobic: the presence of O2
2- anaerobic: absence of O2
name 7 basic structural characteristics of bacteria
1- unicellular : single-celled
2- prokaryotic : no true nucleus -> has nucleoid instead ( DNA is in the form of an irregular loop), Since
there is no membrane around the nuclear material, bacteria are said to be
prokaryotic.
3- cytoplasm has no organelles (like mitochondria) only has ribosomes
4- cytoplasm covered by cell membrane called Plasmalemma
5- cell wall made up of polysaccharides (layer after the plasmalemma)
6- surrounded by slime layer/ capsule: prevents drying out + protects bacterium from enemies like immune cells (layer after cell wall)
7- has flagella/ flagellum: helps bacteria move in liquid, long thread like hair structure
what are the 4 shapes of bacteria and describe them
1- cocci : “O” shaped (plural coccus)
2- vibrio: “V” shaped
3- spirilla : spiral-shaped (plural spirillum)
4- bacilla : “II” -rod shaped (plural baccillus)
name 3 diseases caused by bacteria
1- TB (Mycobacterium Tuberculosis)
2- Cholera (Vibrio Coholerae)
3- Anthrax
what bacteria cuases food poisioning
salmonella
describe the nutrition of bacteria (2)
1- Autotrophic: (produce own food)
1.1) Photosynthetic bacteria: use sunlight (photosynthesis)
1.2) Chemosynthetic bacteria: get their energy from chemical processes
2- Heterotrophic: (bacteria cannot manufacture their own food)
2.1) Parasitic bacteria : obtain their food from other living organisms. (harms other)
2.2) Saprotrophic bacteria :that play an important role as decomposers. They
obtain their food from dead organic plants and animals.
2.3) Mutualistic bacteria : that form a relationship with another organism. Both
organisms benefit from the relationship
phytoplankton
very small plants (algae) that float on or near the surface of
water
zooplankton
consisting of small animals and the immature stages of larger
animals which float on or near the surface of the wate
sessile
sessile organisms are usually permanently attached to
something and can cannot move on their own but can move
through outside sources (such as water currents)
name the 3 groups that protists can be recognised as
1- plant like protista
2- protozoa : animal like protista
3- Algae
describe protozoa (animal like protists)
1- unicellular
2- heterotrophic (cant make own food so gains it from enviro): reading methods
2.1) parasitic: gains by taking from other (harmful to other organism) = eg, Plasmodium (causes malaria)
2.2) phagocytosis: engulfs food = eg, Amoeba (need to know how to draw structure)
name 3 protists that are protozoa (animal like protists)
1- Amoeba (note: must know structure) = uses phagocytosis to gain food
2- Plasmodium= parasitic ( protest that causes malaria via Anopheles mosquitoes)
3- paramecium
what disease causes Malaria and describe it
it is caused by a protist called Plasmodium (type: protozoa/animal like) in its sporozite form) via female Anopheles Mosquitos. it enters red blood cells where it multiplies and bursts the cell causing anaemia
describe plant like protist
1- unicellular
2- mainly in aqautic (water)
3- autotrophic
phytoplankton
describe algae type protists
1- plant like
2- can be unicellular or multicellular
3- can be macro or microscopic
eg, 1- Diatoms
2- Euglena
3- Dinoflagellates
describe the 3 locomotory structures of protists and name which protists they can be found in
1- Pseudopia = Amoeba
2- Cilia = Paramecium
3- Flagella = Euglena
how do protists reproduce
asexually via binary fission
1 cells divide into 2 cells of identical material
hyphae
mass of branched filaments
all fungus consist of hyphae
a network of multi-celled threadlike filaments forming the
mycelium of a fungus
mycelium
a vegetative mass or network of fungal hyphae found in and
on soil or organic substrates
hyphae woven to form vegetative body
rhizoids
threadlike structures that anchor lower plants and fungi to a
surface
name the 2 groups that fungus (moulds) are divided into
1- macroscopic + multicellular like mushrooms
2- microscopic + unicellular like yeast
name 3 characteristics of fungus
1- eukaryotic = true nucleus
2- cell wall= have chitin in them
3- heterotrophic (cant produce own food so gains it from their environment ):
3.1) Parasitic: athletes foot fungus
3.2) Saprotrophic: bread moulds, mushrooms
3.3) mutualistic
describe rhizopus (bread mould)
note: must know how to draw
structure:
a saprotrophic fungus
1- Rhiziods= penetrate bread
2- Stolons= creep over bread surface
3- Sporangiospores= upright hyphae bearing spore -producing sporangia
4- mycelium= hyphae woven to form the vegetative body
5- is thallus: no true roots, stems, leaves
describe reproduction in fungus
1- unicellular fungi (yeast) = asexually by binary fission
2- multicellular fungi (rhizopus, mushrooms)
= -asexually =spores
- sexually = gametes
define symbiosis
interaction in which 2 organisms of different species live together in direct contact
describe the 3 types of symbiotic relationships
1- mutualism= both benefit
2- parasitism = 1 benefits, other harmed
3- commensalism = 1 benefits, other not harmed
passive immunity (P.P)
mechanisms that prevent pathogens from entering body (stops pathogen from entering)
passive immunity (P.P)
mechanisms that prevent pathogens from entering body (stops pathogens from entering body
active immunity
response mechanisms that fight off infections once pathogens has entered (pathogen has already entered)
passive immunity mechanisms in humans (4)
1- mucus: nose + throat
2- cilia: nasal passages + trachea
3- tears: eyes
4- hydrochloric acid: stomach
passive immunity mechanisms in plants (4)
1- thick bark or woody plants: protects delicate tissue inside
2- waxy cuticle: holds in moisture, keeps out micro organisms
3- sticky secretions : given off, makes plant difficult to be eaten by insects
4- chemical secretions : some poisonous to organisms
immunity
bodies ability to produce anti- bodies
natural immunity
in born ability to produce anti bodies
acquired immunity
immunity acquired during lifetime
