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life science > biodiversity and classification of micro organisms > Flashcards

biodiversity and classification of micro organisms Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

name the 5 kingdoms

A

1- Monera (bacteria)
2- protista
3- fungi
4- plantae
5- animalia

(MPrFPlA , My Principles Family Plants Animals )

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2
Q

unicellular definition + an kingdom

A

an organism consisting of only one cell

  • prostista kingdom
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3
Q

multicellular definition + the 3 kingdoms

A

an organism made up of many cells

  • 1- fungi
    2- plantae
    3- animalia
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4
Q

biodiversity

A

the variety of organisms found in an area or on Earth

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5
Q

name the 2 categories micro organisms classified into

A

1- unicellular
2- multicellular

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6
Q

taxonomist

A

the scientist responsible for placing organisms into specific groups

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7
Q

capsid

A

a protein coat surrounding the nucleic material of a virus

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8
Q

acellular

A

non-cellular

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9
Q

obligate intracellular
parasite

A

obligate = forced; a parasitic organism that cannot complete its
life-cycle without exploiting a suitable host (if an obligate
parasite cannot obtain a host it will fail to reproduce)

basically: parasite that only reproduces within living cells

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10
Q

host

A

an organism that harbours a parasite

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11
Q

pathogenic

A

an organism that causes disease

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12
Q

bacteriophage

A

a type of virus that infects bacteria; the word “phage” means to
eat”

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13
Q

nucleoid

A

an irregularly shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote that
contains all or most of the genetic material

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14
Q

name 5 characteristics of a virus

A

1- parasitic: requires a host -> host/ tissue specific
( 1- some only survive on tobacco plant leaves, 2- some only survive in salivary glands of humans), if cannot find a host it becomes dormant (form crystals and can survive long in this state)

2- pathogenic: harmful, cause diseases in living organisms

3- don’t/ cant respire, feed or excrete waste

4- non living : only property of life is reproduction, can only reproduce inside cells of host ( obligate intracellular parasites) reproduces by transforming hosts nucleic acids into virus nucleic acid when they multiply

5- Acellular: consist of no cells. they also do not have a cytoplasm, nucleus nor organelles. they do have either DNA or RNA (never both) which is surrounded and protected by an outer protein coat or capsid.

NOTE: for understanding sake, all other organisms
have BOTH DNA and RNA, have one of either makes the virus characteristic special

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15
Q

prokaryotic

A

an organism where the nuclear material is not enclosed in a
membrane

aka: no definite nucleus

  • monera (bacteria)
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16
Q

eukaryotic

A

any single or multicellular group of organisms that have a
membrane-bound nucleus containing genetic material

aka : have definite nucleus

  • 1- protista
    2- fungi
    3- plantae
    4- animalia
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17
Q

flagellum

A

long, thread,whip-like, protruding filaments that help cells or microorganisms
move;
plural :flagella, singular: flagellum

helps bacteria move in liquid

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18
Q

autotrophic

A

organisms which can synthesize their own food e.g. green
plants, algae and some bacteria

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19
Q

heterotrophic

A

any organism that sources food from its environment because
it cannot make its own food, e.g. animals, fungi, most bacteria

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20
Q

name 3 diseases caused by viruses

A

1- HIV
2- rabies
3- influenza

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21
Q

saprophytic

A

plant or fungal microorganisms that feeds on dead or decaying
tissues of other organisms

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22
Q

binary fission

A

asexual reproduction of a single cell in which divides by
mitosis; the cell regenerates as two or more separate cells
having the same chromosomal identities as the parent cell

  • asexual reproduction in which bacteria reproduces by single cell splitting
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23
Q

aerobic bacteria

A

bacteria that live in presence of O2

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24
Q

anaerobic bacteria

A

bacteria that live in the absence of O2

25
Q

name the 2 categories that bacteria can be classified in based on where they live

A

1- aerobic: the presence of O2
2- anaerobic: absence of O2

26
Q

name 7 basic structural characteristics of bacteria

A

1- unicellular : single-celled

2- prokaryotic : no true nucleus -> has nucleoid instead ( DNA is in the form of an irregular loop), Since
there is no membrane around the nuclear material, bacteria are said to be
prokaryotic.

3- cytoplasm has no organelles (like mitochondria) only has ribosomes

4- cytoplasm covered by cell membrane called Plasmalemma

5- cell wall made up of polysaccharides (layer after the plasmalemma)

6- surrounded by slime layer/ capsule: prevents drying out + protects bacterium from enemies like immune cells (layer after cell wall)

7- has flagella/ flagellum: helps bacteria move in liquid, long thread like hair structure

27
Q

what are the 4 shapes of bacteria and describe them

A

1- cocci : “O” shaped (plural coccus)
2- vibrio: “V” shaped
3- spirilla : spiral-shaped (plural spirillum)
4- bacilla : “II” -rod shaped (plural baccillus)

28
Q

name 3 diseases caused by bacteria

A

1- TB (Mycobacterium Tuberculosis)
2- Cholera (Vibrio Coholerae)
3- Anthrax

29
Q

what bacteria cuases food poisioning

A

salmonella

30
Q

describe the nutrition of bacteria (2)

A

1- Autotrophic: (produce own food)

1.1) Photosynthetic bacteria: use sunlight (photosynthesis)

1.2) Chemosynthetic bacteria: get their energy from chemical processes

2- Heterotrophic: (bacteria cannot manufacture their own food)

2.1) Parasitic bacteria : obtain their food from other living organisms. (harms other)

2.2) Saprotrophic bacteria :that play an important role as decomposers. They
obtain their food from dead organic plants and animals.

2.3) Mutualistic bacteria : that form a relationship with another organism. Both
organisms benefit from the relationship

31
Q

phytoplankton

A

very small plants (algae) that float on or near the surface of
water

32
Q

zooplankton

A

consisting of small animals and the immature stages of larger
animals which float on or near the surface of the wate

33
Q

sessile

A

sessile organisms are usually permanently attached to
something and can cannot move on their own but can move
through outside sources (such as water currents)

34
Q

name the 3 groups that protists can be recognised as

A

1- plant like protista
2- protozoa : animal like protista
3- Algae

35
Q

describe protozoa (animal like protists)

A

1- unicellular

2- heterotrophic (cant make own food so gains it from enviro): reading methods

2.1) parasitic: gains by taking from other (harmful to other organism) = eg, Plasmodium (causes malaria)

2.2) phagocytosis: engulfs food = eg, Amoeba (need to know how to draw structure)

36
Q

name 3 protists that are protozoa (animal like protists)

A

1- Amoeba (note: must know structure) = uses phagocytosis to gain food

2- Plasmodium= parasitic ( protest that causes malaria via Anopheles mosquitoes)

3- paramecium

37
Q

what disease causes Malaria and describe it

A

it is caused by a protist called Plasmodium (type: protozoa/animal like) in its sporozite form) via female Anopheles Mosquitos. it enters red blood cells where it multiplies and bursts the cell causing anaemia

38
Q

describe plant like protist

A

1- unicellular
2- mainly in aqautic (water)
3- autotrophic

phytoplankton

39
Q

describe algae type protists

A

1- plant like
2- can be unicellular or multicellular
3- can be macro or microscopic

eg, 1- Diatoms
2- Euglena
3- Dinoflagellates

40
Q

describe the 3 locomotory structures of protists and name which protists they can be found in

A

1- Pseudopia = Amoeba
2- Cilia = Paramecium
3- Flagella = Euglena

41
Q

how do protists reproduce

A

asexually via binary fission

1 cells divide into 2 cells of identical material

42
Q

hyphae

A

mass of branched filaments

all fungus consist of hyphae

a network of multi-celled threadlike filaments forming the
mycelium of a fungus

43
Q

mycelium

A

a vegetative mass or network of fungal hyphae found in and
on soil or organic substrates

hyphae woven to form vegetative body

44
Q

rhizoids

A

threadlike structures that anchor lower plants and fungi to a
surface

45
Q

name the 2 groups that fungus (moulds) are divided into

A

1- macroscopic + multicellular like mushrooms
2- microscopic + unicellular like yeast

46
Q

name 3 characteristics of fungus

A

1- eukaryotic = true nucleus

2- cell wall= have chitin in them

3- heterotrophic (cant produce own food so gains it from their environment ):

3.1) Parasitic: athletes foot fungus
3.2) Saprotrophic: bread moulds, mushrooms
3.3) mutualistic

47
Q

describe rhizopus (bread mould)

A

note: must know how to draw
structure:

a saprotrophic fungus

1- Rhiziods= penetrate bread

2- Stolons= creep over bread surface

3- Sporangiospores= upright hyphae bearing spore -producing sporangia

4- mycelium= hyphae woven to form the vegetative body

5- is thallus: no true roots, stems, leaves

48
Q

describe reproduction in fungus

A

1- unicellular fungi (yeast) = asexually by binary fission

2- multicellular fungi (rhizopus, mushrooms)
= -asexually =spores
- sexually = gametes

49
Q

define symbiosis

A

interaction in which 2 organisms of different species live together in direct contact

50
Q

describe the 3 types of symbiotic relationships

A

1- mutualism= both benefit

2- parasitism = 1 benefits, other harmed

3- commensalism = 1 benefits, other not harmed

51
Q

passive immunity (P.P)

A

mechanisms that prevent pathogens from entering body (stops pathogen from entering)

52
Q

passive immunity (P.P)

A

mechanisms that prevent pathogens from entering body (stops pathogens from entering body

53
Q

active immunity

A

response mechanisms that fight off infections once pathogens has entered (pathogen has already entered)

54
Q

passive immunity mechanisms in humans (4)

A

1- mucus: nose + throat

2- cilia: nasal passages + trachea

3- tears: eyes

4- hydrochloric acid: stomach

55
Q

passive immunity mechanisms in plants (4)

A

1- thick bark or woody plants: protects delicate tissue inside

2- waxy cuticle: holds in moisture, keeps out micro organisms

3- sticky secretions : given off, makes plant difficult to be eaten by insects

4- chemical secretions : some poisonous to organisms

56
Q

immunity

A

bodies ability to produce anti- bodies

57
Q

natural immunity

A

in born ability to produce anti bodies

58
Q

acquired immunity

A

immunity acquired during lifetime

life science (15 decks)

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