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biodiversity and classification of micro organisms Flashcards

1
Q

name the 5 kingdoms

A

1- Monera (bacteria)
2- protista
3- fungi
4- plantae
5- animalia

(MPrFPlA , My Principles Family Plants Animals )

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2
Q

unicellular definition + an kingdom

A

an organism consisting of only one cell

  • prostista kingdom
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3
Q

multicellular definition + the 3 kingdoms

A

an organism made up of many cells

  • 1- fungi
    2- plantae
    3- animalia
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4
Q

biodiversity

A

the variety of organisms found in an area or on Earth

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5
Q

name the 2 categories micro organisms classified into

A

1- unicellular
2- multicellular

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6
Q

taxonomist

A

the scientist responsible for placing organisms into specific groups

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7
Q

capsid

A

a protein coat surrounding the nucleic material of a virus

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8
Q

acellular

A

non-cellular

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9
Q

obligate intracellular
parasite

A

obligate = forced; a parasitic organism that cannot complete its
life-cycle without exploiting a suitable host (if an obligate
parasite cannot obtain a host it will fail to reproduce)

basically: parasite that only reproduces within living cells

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10
Q

host

A

an organism that harbours a parasite

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11
Q

pathogenic

A

an organism that causes disease

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12
Q

bacteriophage

A

a type of virus that infects bacteria; the word “phage” means to
eat”

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13
Q

nucleoid

A

an irregularly shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote that
contains all or most of the genetic material

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14
Q

name 5 characteristics of a virus

A

1- parasitic: requires a host -> host/ tissue specific
( 1- some only survive on tobacco plant leaves, 2- some only survive in salivary glands of humans), if cannot find a host it becomes dormant (form crystals and can survive long in this state)

2- pathogenic: harmful, cause diseases in living organisms

3- don’t/ cant respire, feed or excrete waste

4- non living : only property of life is reproduction, can only reproduce inside cells of host ( obligate intracellular parasites) reproduces by transforming hosts nucleic acids into virus nucleic acid when they multiply

5- Acellular: consist of no cells. they also do not have a cytoplasm, nucleus nor organelles. they do have either DNA or RNA (never both) which is surrounded and protected by an outer protein coat or capsid.

NOTE: for understanding sake, all other organisms
have BOTH DNA and RNA, have one of either makes the virus characteristic special

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15
Q

prokaryotic

A

an organism where the nuclear material is not enclosed in a
membrane

aka: no definite nucleus

  • monera (bacteria)
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16
Q

eukaryotic

A

any single or multicellular group of organisms that have a
membrane-bound nucleus containing genetic material

aka : have definite nucleus

  • 1- protista
    2- fungi
    3- plantae
    4- animalia
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17
Q

flagellum

A

long, thread,whip-like, protruding filaments that help cells or microorganisms
move;
plural :flagella, singular: flagellum

helps bacteria move in liquid

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18
Q

autotrophic

A

organisms which can synthesize their own food e.g. green
plants, algae and some bacteria

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19
Q

heterotrophic

A

any organism that sources food from its environment because
it cannot make its own food, e.g. animals, fungi, most bacteria

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20
Q

name 3 diseases caused by viruses

A

1- HIV
2- rabies
3- influenza

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21
Q

saprophytic

A

plant or fungal microorganisms that feeds on dead or decaying
tissues of other organisms

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22
Q

binary fission

A

asexual reproduction of a single cell in which divides by
mitosis; the cell regenerates as two or more separate cells
having the same chromosomal identities as the parent cell

  • asexual reproduction in which bacteria reproduces by single cell splitting
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23
Q

aerobic bacteria

A

bacteria that live in presence of O2

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24
Q

anaerobic bacteria

A

bacteria that live in the absence of O2

25
name the 2 categories that bacteria can be classified in based on where they live
1- aerobic: the presence of O2 2- anaerobic: absence of O2
26
name 7 basic structural characteristics of bacteria
1- unicellular : single-celled 2- prokaryotic : no true nucleus -> has nucleoid instead ( DNA is in the form of an irregular loop), Since there is no membrane around the nuclear material, bacteria are said to be prokaryotic. 3- cytoplasm has no organelles (like mitochondria) only has ribosomes 4- cytoplasm covered by cell membrane called Plasmalemma 5- cell wall made up of polysaccharides (layer after the plasmalemma) 6- surrounded by slime layer/ capsule: prevents drying out + protects bacterium from enemies like immune cells (layer after cell wall) 7- has flagella/ flagellum: helps bacteria move in liquid, long thread like hair structure
27
what are the 4 shapes of bacteria and describe them
1- cocci : "O" shaped (plural coccus) 2- vibrio: "V" shaped 3- spirilla : spiral-shaped (plural spirillum) 4- bacilla : "II" -rod shaped (plural baccillus)
28
name 3 diseases caused by bacteria
1- TB (Mycobacterium Tuberculosis) 2- Cholera (Vibrio Coholerae) 3- Anthrax
29
what bacteria cuases food poisioning
salmonella
30
describe the nutrition of bacteria (2)
1- Autotrophic: (produce own food) 1.1) Photosynthetic bacteria: use sunlight (photosynthesis) 1.2) Chemosynthetic bacteria: get their energy from chemical processes 2- Heterotrophic: (bacteria cannot manufacture their own food) 2.1) Parasitic bacteria : obtain their food from other living organisms. (harms other) 2.2) Saprotrophic bacteria :that play an important role as decomposers. They obtain their food from dead organic plants and animals. 2.3) Mutualistic bacteria : that form a relationship with another organism. Both organisms benefit from the relationship
31
phytoplankton
very small plants (algae) that float on or near the surface of water
32
zooplankton
consisting of small animals and the immature stages of larger animals which float on or near the surface of the wate
33
sessile
sessile organisms are usually permanently attached to something and can cannot move on their own but can move through outside sources (such as water currents)
34
name the 3 groups that protists can be recognised as
1- plant like protista 2- protozoa : animal like protista 3- Algae
35
describe protozoa (animal like protists)
1- unicellular 2- heterotrophic (cant make own food so gains it from enviro): reading methods 2.1) parasitic: gains by taking from other (harmful to other organism) = eg, Plasmodium (causes malaria) 2.2) phagocytosis: engulfs food = eg, Amoeba (need to know how to draw structure)
36
name 3 protists that are protozoa (animal like protists)
1- Amoeba (note: must know structure) = uses phagocytosis to gain food 2- Plasmodium= parasitic ( protest that causes malaria via Anopheles mosquitoes) 3- paramecium
37
what disease causes Malaria and describe it
it is caused by a protist called Plasmodium (type: protozoa/animal like) in its sporozite form) via female Anopheles Mosquitos. it enters red blood cells where it multiplies and bursts the cell causing anaemia
38
describe plant like protist
1- unicellular 2- mainly in aqautic (water) 3- autotrophic phytoplankton
39
describe algae type protists
1- plant like 2- can be unicellular or multicellular 3- can be macro or microscopic eg, 1- Diatoms 2- Euglena 3- Dinoflagellates
40
describe the 3 locomotory structures of protists and name which protists they can be found in
1- Pseudopia = Amoeba 2- Cilia = Paramecium 3- Flagella = Euglena
41
how do protists reproduce
asexually via binary fission 1 cells divide into 2 cells of identical material
42
hyphae
mass of branched filaments all fungus consist of hyphae a network of multi-celled threadlike filaments forming the mycelium of a fungus
43
mycelium
a vegetative mass or network of fungal hyphae found in and on soil or organic substrates hyphae woven to form vegetative body
44
rhizoids
threadlike structures that anchor lower plants and fungi to a surface
45
name the 2 groups that fungus (moulds) are divided into
1- macroscopic + multicellular like mushrooms 2- microscopic + unicellular like yeast
46
name 3 characteristics of fungus
1- eukaryotic = true nucleus 2- cell wall= have chitin in them 3- heterotrophic (cant produce own food so gains it from their environment ): 3.1) Parasitic: athletes foot fungus 3.2) Saprotrophic: bread moulds, mushrooms 3.3) mutualistic
47
describe rhizopus (bread mould)
note: must know how to draw structure: a saprotrophic fungus 1- Rhiziods= penetrate bread 2- Stolons= creep over bread surface 3- Sporangiospores= upright hyphae bearing spore -producing sporangia 4- mycelium= hyphae woven to form the vegetative body 5- is thallus: no true roots, stems, leaves
48
describe reproduction in fungus
1- unicellular fungi (yeast) = asexually by binary fission 2- multicellular fungi (rhizopus, mushrooms) = -asexually =spores - sexually = gametes
49
define symbiosis
interaction in which 2 organisms of different species live together in direct contact
50
describe the 3 types of symbiotic relationships
1- mutualism= both benefit 2- parasitism = 1 benefits, other harmed 3- commensalism = 1 benefits, other not harmed
51
passive immunity (P.P)
mechanisms that prevent pathogens from entering body (stops pathogen from entering)
52
passive immunity (P.P)
mechanisms that prevent pathogens from entering body (stops pathogens from entering body
53
active immunity
response mechanisms that fight off infections once pathogens has entered (pathogen has already entered)
54
passive immunity mechanisms in humans (4)
1- mucus: nose + throat 2- cilia: nasal passages + trachea 3- tears: eyes 4- hydrochloric acid: stomach
55
passive immunity mechanisms in plants (4)
1- thick bark or woody plants: protects delicate tissue inside 2- waxy cuticle: holds in moisture, keeps out micro organisms 3- sticky secretions : given off, makes plant difficult to be eaten by insects 4- chemical secretions : some poisonous to organisms
56
immunity
bodies ability to produce anti- bodies
57
natural immunity
in born ability to produce anti bodies
58
acquired immunity
immunity acquired during lifetime

life science (15 decks)

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