animal nutrition terminology

Question 1

herbivore

Answer 1

animal that eats only plants or parts of plants

Question 2

carnivore

Answer 2

animal that eats only other animals or the remains of other
animals

Question 3

omnivore

Answer 3

animal that eats plants, animals or dead animal flesh

Question 4

bolus

Answer 4

a ball-like mixture of food and saliva that forms in the
mouth during the process of chewing

Question 5

bile

Answer 5

is a fluid produced by the liver, and stored in the gall
bladder, that aids the digestion of lipids in the small
intestine

yellow green alkaline fluid

Question 6

5 functions of bile (WAlE AA)

Answer 6

1- Water: allows fluidity
2- Alkaline bile salts: neutralise acid food from stomach
3- Emulsifies fats: breaks up fats into droplets
4- Absorption: bile salts helps absorption
5- Antiseptic : prec decomposition

Question 7

exocrine gland

Answer 7

a gland that uses ducts to drain and transport secretions or
chemicals out of the body or onto body surfaces

Question 8

endocrine gland

Answer 8

an organ that secretes hormones directly into the blood
stream or lymphatic system instead of through ducts

Question 9

peristalsis

Answer 9

rythmic contraction and relaxation of the alimentary canal that help move food along it

Question 10

chyme

Answer 10

semi-liquid mass of partially digested food which has
gone through mechanical and chemical digestive
processes while passing through the stomach into the
duodenum

Question 11

villus (pl. villi)

Answer 11

tiny finger-like projections lining the wall of the small
intestine and increasing the surface area for food
absorption

Question 12

6 adaptations of villi (for absorption)

Answer 12

1- columnar epithelium 1 cell layer thick: for easy diffusion

2- supplied with capillaries: absorption of 1)glucose,2)amino acids, 3)vitamins, 4)minerals, 5)water

3- has central lacteal: absorption of fats

4- goblet cells in columnar epithelium: secrete mucus= medium in which nutrients can dissolve

5- many mitochondria in columnar epithelium cells: prove energy for active transport

6- layered with microvilli: incre absorption surface

Question 13

ingestion

Answer 13

intake of food

Question 14

digestion

Answer 14

physical and chemical breakdown of complex insoluble substances into its simpler soluble substances

Question 15

absorption

Answer 15

the movement of simple soluble substances into the blood stream

Question 16

where does most of absorption occur

Answer 16

small intestine, done by villi

Question 17

describe absorption in the villi

Answer 17

1- glucose= actively absorbed= into blood capillaries
2- amino acids= active absorbed= into blood capillaries
3- vitamins = actively (WABC) and passively (DEKAF) = into blood capillaries
4- minerals = actively and passively = into blood capillaries
5- water = passively (osmosis) = into blood capillaries

6- glycerol and fatty acids= passive (diffusion) = lacteals - leads to lymphatic vessels

Question 18

describe the transp of absorbed nutrients

Answer 18

1) blood capillaries (glucose, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, water) : 1-capillaries-> 2-hepatic portal vein -> 3- liver -> 4- hepatic vein -> 5- inferior vena cava -> 6- heart

2) lacteal (glycerol and fatty acids): 1-lacteal -> 2- left thoracic duct -> 3- superior vena cava -> 4- heart

Question 19

assimilation

Answer 19

nutrients such as amino acids are incorporated into the
cells. heart pumps blood containing various nutrients via lungs to all parts of body. As cells require them, they are absorbed into the cells

Question 20

egestion/defecation

Answer 20

the removal of undigested and unabsorbed waste from the
body through the anus in the form of faeces

Question 21

mastication

Answer 21

to chew food

Question 22

metabolism

Answer 22

the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in
order to maintain life

Question 23

homeostasis

Answer 23

the ability of an organism to maintain stability of internal
conditions (e.g. temperature, chemical balance) despite
changes in its environment

Question 24

negative
feedback
mechanisms

Answer 24

mechanisms in the human body that detect changes or
imbalances in the internal conditions and restore homeostasis

Question 25

insulin (hinr)

Answer 25

a hormone made in the pancreas and released into the blood to
help convert glucose to glycogen to reduce blood glucose

• high glucose levels, insulin secreted to stimulate liver to covert more glucose into glycogen, therefore reducing blood sugar levels

Question 26

glucagon (login)

Answer 26

a hormone made by the pancreas that raises blood glucose
levels by converting stored glycogen to glucose

• low glucose level, glucagon secreted to stimulate liver to convert glycogen into glucose, therefore increasing blood sugar levels

Question 27

glycogen

Answer 27

form in which glucose is stored in the liver and cells

Question 28

whar are the 7 steps in general sequences of events in negative feedback mechanism

Answer 28

Step 1: An imbalance is detected
 Step 2: A control centre is stimulated
 Step 3: Control centre responds
 Step 4: Message is sent to target organ/s
 Step 5: The target organ responds
 Step 6: It opposes / reverses the imbalance
 Step 7: Balance is restored.

Question 29

define Diabetes mellitus

Answer 29

Diabetes mellitus is a disorder characterised by high blood glucose levels resulting in
increased fatigue (tiredness), dehydration and lack of energy

Question 30

type 1 diabetes cause and treatment

Answer 30

Cause: Usually an inherited disorder or
a loss of insulin-producing cells in the
pancreas

Treatment: Lifelong disorder that
requires daily injections of insulin and
specially adapted diet

Question 31

type 2 diabetes cause and treatment

Answer 31

Cause: Insulin resistance where body
does not produce or react to insulin,
usually as a result of poor lifestyle
choices

Treatment: Maintaining a balanced diet,
regular exercise and medication

Question 32

marasmus -nutritional disorders cause and symptom

Answer 32

cause: lack of energy foods such as
carbohydrates and fats

symptoms: thin muscles;
lack of energy; sunken eyes

Question 33

bulimia -nutritional disorders cause and symptom

Answer 33

cause: psychological condition where
a person regularly overeats
and induces vomiting to avoid
weight gain

symptoms: dehydration; tooth decay; tears
in the oesophagus; electrolyte
imbalance