animal nutrition terminology Flashcards
herbivore
animal that eats only plants or parts of plants
carnivore
animal that eats only other animals or the remains of other
animals
omnivore
animal that eats plants, animals or dead animal flesh
bolus
a ball-like mixture of food and saliva that forms in the
mouth during the process of chewing
bile
is a fluid produced by the liver, and stored in the gall
bladder, that aids the digestion of lipids in the small
intestine
yellow green alkaline fluid
5 functions of bile (WAlE AA)
1- Water: allows fluidity
2- Alkaline bile salts: neutralise acid food from stomach
3- Emulsifies fats: breaks up fats into droplets
4- Absorption: bile salts helps absorption
5- Antiseptic : prec decomposition
exocrine gland
a gland that uses ducts to drain and transport secretions or
chemicals out of the body or onto body surfaces
endocrine gland
an organ that secretes hormones directly into the blood
stream or lymphatic system instead of through ducts
peristalsis
rythmic contraction and relaxation of the alimentary canal that help move food along it
chyme
semi-liquid mass of partially digested food which has
gone through mechanical and chemical digestive
processes while passing through the stomach into the
duodenum
villus (pl. villi)
tiny finger-like projections lining the wall of the small
intestine and increasing the surface area for food
absorption
6 adaptations of villi (for absorption)
1- columnar epithelium 1 cell layer thick: for easy diffusion
2- supplied with capillaries: absorption of 1)glucose,2)amino acids, 3)vitamins, 4)minerals, 5)water
3- has central lacteal: absorption of fats
4- goblet cells in columnar epithelium: secrete mucus= medium in which nutrients can dissolve
5- many mitochondria in columnar epithelium cells: prove energy for active transport
6- layered with microvilli: incre absorption surface
ingestion
intake of food
digestion
physical and chemical breakdown of complex insoluble substances into its simpler soluble substances
absorption
the movement of simple soluble substances into the blood stream
where does most of absorption occur
small intestine, done by villi
describe absorption in the villi
1- glucose= actively absorbed= into blood capillaries
2- amino acids= active absorbed= into blood capillaries
3- vitamins = actively (WABC) and passively (DEKAF) = into blood capillaries
4- minerals = actively and passively = into blood capillaries
5- water = passively (osmosis) = into blood capillaries
6- glycerol and fatty acids= passive (diffusion) = lacteals - leads to lymphatic vessels
describe the transp of absorbed nutrients
1) blood capillaries (glucose, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, water) : 1-capillaries-> 2-hepatic portal vein -> 3- liver -> 4- hepatic vein -> 5- inferior vena cava -> 6- heart
2) lacteal (glycerol and fatty acids): 1-lacteal -> 2- left thoracic duct -> 3- superior vena cava -> 4- heart
assimilation
nutrients such as amino acids are incorporated into the
cells. heart pumps blood containing various nutrients via lungs to all parts of body. As cells require them, they are absorbed into the cells
egestion/defecation
the removal of undigested and unabsorbed waste from the
body through the anus in the form of faeces
mastication
to chew food
metabolism
the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in
order to maintain life
homeostasis
the ability of an organism to maintain stability of internal
conditions (e.g. temperature, chemical balance) despite
changes in its environment
negative
feedback
mechanisms
mechanisms in the human body that detect changes or
imbalances in the internal conditions and restore homeostasis
insulin (hinr)
a hormone made in the pancreas and released into the blood to
help convert glucose to glycogen to reduce blood glucose
- high glucose levels, insulin secreted to stimulate liver to covert more glucose into glycogen, therefore reducing blood sugar levels
glucagon (login)
a hormone made by the pancreas that raises blood glucose
levels by converting stored glycogen to glucose
- low glucose level, glucagon secreted to stimulate liver to convert glycogen into glucose, therefore increasing blood sugar levels
glycogen
form in which glucose is stored in the liver and cells
whar are the 7 steps in general sequences of events in negative feedback mechanism
Step 1: An imbalance is detected
Step 2: A control centre is stimulated
Step 3: Control centre responds
Step 4: Message is sent to target organ/s
Step 5: The target organ responds
Step 6: It opposes / reverses the imbalance
Step 7: Balance is restored.
define Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus is a disorder characterised by high blood glucose levels resulting in
increased fatigue (tiredness), dehydration and lack of energy
type 1 diabetes cause and treatment
Cause: Usually an inherited disorder or
a loss of insulin-producing cells in the
pancreas
Treatment: Lifelong disorder that
requires daily injections of insulin and
specially adapted diet
type 2 diabetes cause and treatment
Cause: Insulin resistance where body
does not produce or react to insulin,
usually as a result of poor lifestyle
choices
Treatment: Maintaining a balanced diet,
regular exercise and medication
marasmus -nutritional disorders cause and symptom
cause: lack of energy foods such as
carbohydrates and fats
symptoms: thin muscles;
lack of energy; sunken eyes
bulimia -nutritional disorders cause and symptom
cause: psychological condition where
a person regularly overeats
and induces vomiting to avoid
weight gain
symptoms: dehydration; tooth decay; tears
in the oesophagus; electrolyte
imbalance
