Human Research Ethics

Question 1

State how many jews died in the holocaust and how little the US knows

Answer 1

6 Millions died
2/3 US millennials don’t know about it

Question 2

Describe the Nazis with their pursuits in medicine

Answer 2

Creul experiments on innocent people with no benefit to - jews, homosexuals and disabled

Question 3

Define the hippocratic oath

Answer 3

Consisted of rules - to cure patients, never do them harm and keep their medical history confidential

Question 4

Describe why the freezing experiments were done

Answer 4

German soldiers fighting in Russia had an issue with hypothermia

Question 5

Describe what was done in the freezing experiments

Answer 5

Jews forced into large tanks of ice water until their bodies shut down and then doctors would try heat them up

Question 6

Describe the findings of the freezing experiments

Answer 6

When body temp is 24 degrees or less fatalities occur

Question 7

Describe why the sea water experiments were done

Answer 7

Wanted to find a way to make sea water drinkable

Question 8

Describe what occurred in the sea water experiments

Answer 8

Victims deprived of food and then given chemically processed water - often experienced intense pain and internal damage

Question 9

Describe the infectious diseases experiments

Answer 9

Typhus, Malaria and Jaundice were injected into prisoners and then doctors tried to find a cure

Question 10

Who was Josef Mengele

Answer 10

‘Angel of Death’ at Auschwitz - obsessed with twins

Question 11

Describe some of the twins experiments Josef Mengele implemented

Answer 11

Experimented on 3000 and only 200 survived
Tests included: injection of chemicals into eyes of the twins to see color change, injecting infectious disease, operating on vocal cords, sewn together to create Siamese twins

Question 12

What and when was the nuremberg Doctors Trial

Answer 12

End of ww2
16/23 Nazi doctors found guilty - 7 executed

Question 13

Describe the key ideas Nuremberg code

Answer 13

Voluntary informed consent is needed

Right of subject to withdraw at anytime

Humans cannot be sacrificed for the greater good

Investigator must terminator experiment if well being is threatened

Question 14

Describe the Tuskegee Syphillis study

Answer 14

40 year study of untreated Syphillis in male Negros - exposed in 1972

Question 15

Describe the ‘issue’ with the Tuskegee Syphilis study

Answer 15

The wider medical community knew about it and actively made sure to keep it going

Question 16

Describe there effects of the Tuskegee Syphilis study

Answer 16

28 men died from it, 100 died from related causes and 40 wives infected

Question 17

Describe the legacy of the Tuskegee Syphilis study

Answer 17

Often used as a reason to distrust medical research and researchers

Question 18

Describe the declaration of Helsinki

Answer 18

1964
Research on humans should be based on the results from labs and animal experimentation

Research protocols should be reviewed by an independent board before hand

Research should be conducted by qualified pros

Question 19

Describe the Belmont Report

Answer 19

1974
Respect for autonomy - protects patients rights to informed consent

Benefiance - Physicians duty to help and not harm patient

Justice - Burden of risk and benefits should not fall disproportionately on the most vulnerable

Question 20

Describe the US Common rule

Answer 20

1981
Codified principle of Belmont
revised in 2018 but remains the central body of regulations protecting human subjects in the US