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Biology > Human reproduction > Flashcards

Human reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Fusion of male and female gametes

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2
Q

Gamete

A

Sex cell

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3
Q

Secondary sexual characteristics

A

Physical features that appear during puberty and adolescence that distinguish between men and women

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4
Q

Testosterone in men

A

Widening of shoulders
Deepening voice

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5
Q

Oestrogen and progesterone in females

A

Breast development
Widening of hips

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6
Q

Puberty in males

A

Pituitary gland triggers testes to produce testosterone

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7
Q

Testosterone

A

Stimulates production of sperm and growth of penis

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8
Q

Seminal fluid

A

Nourishes the sperm when released
Produced by seminal vesicle and prostate gland

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9
Q

Acrosome

A

Stores enzymes to break down egg wall

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10
Q

Infertility

A

Inability of a couple to conceive after not using contraception for one year

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11
Q

Sterility causes in men

A

Alcohol , smoking

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12
Q

Follicle

A

Future egg with cluster of cells

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13
Q

Graafian follicle

A

Surrounds egg
Egg and cluster of cells and fluid
Produces oestrogen
Releases egg when ripe

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14
Q

Day 1-5 of menstruation cycle

A

Pituitary hormone stimulates a few follicles to begin developing
Matures into Graafian follicle

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15
Q

Day 6-11 of menstrual cycle

A

Follicles release oestrogen
Oestrogen stimulates lining of womb to build up for the arrival of a fertilised egg
When Graafian follicle is ripe it moves to edge of ovary and bursts releasing egg into oviduct

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16
Q

Day 14 of menstrual cycle

A

Ovulation occurs
corpus luteum is created from high levels of oestrogen
Corpus luteum remains in fallopian tube
Eventually dies after 2 weeks progesterone stops being produced and d lining now breaks

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17
Q

Menstruation if fertilisation occurs

A

Embryo produces hormone into mothers bloodstream that keeps corpus luteum alive
Therefore lining increases and progesterone levels stay high

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18
Q

FSH during menstruation

A

Follicle stimulating hormone
Produced in pituitary gland
Days 1-5
Stimulates egg to develop
Causes production of oestrogen

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19
Q

Oestrogen during menstruation

A

Produced in Graafian follicle in ovary
Days 5-13
Develops endometrium and inhibits fsh
High levels of oestrogen stimulate LH production
Oestrogen levels decrease from day 14-28

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20
Q

LH

A

Lutenising hormone
Produced in pituitary gland
Day 14
Stimulates ovulation
Graafian follicle develops into corpus luteum on day 14

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21
Q

Progesterone

A

Produced by corpus luteum
Days 14-28
Maintains the endometrium and inhibits LH
Endometrium breaks down day 1-5 due to low progesterone levels as the corpus luteum has completely broken down

22
Q

Ovulation

A

Release of egg from ovary

23
Q

Corpus luteum

A

Grafiaan follicle becomes corpus luteum
Temporary hormone gland that secretes progesterone and helps develop endometrium

24
Q

FSH in males

A

Pituitary gland
Stimulates sperm to develop

25
Q

LH in males

A

P G
Causes testosterone to develop

26
Q

Testosterone in males

A

Testes gland
Develops and maintains seckndary sexual characteristics

27
Q

Fertile period

A

Time in which fertilisation can take place

28
Q

Fertilisation

A

Fusion of haploid sperm and egg forming fertilised diploid zygote egg

29
Q

IVF

A

Egg fertilised by sperm in glass dish and implanted into uterus

30
Q

What are the male and female Gonads

A

Testes and ovaries

31
Q

Scrotum

A

Contains testes at 35degrees

32
Q

Testes

A

Seminiferous tubules Produce sperm and testosterone

33
Q

Epididymis

A

Matures and stores sperm for 6 weeks
Leads to sperm duct

34
Q

Urethra

A

Carrie’s sperm and urine out of body

35
Q

Glands

A

Structures that secrete a substance

36
Q

Milk production

A

Mammary glands in breast produce colostrum nourishes milk
Prolactin stimulates milk production

37
Q

Colostrum

A

Antibodies + protein +lactose

38
Q

Morula stage

A

Zygote divides by mitosis and forms a ball of 32 cells

39
Q

Blastocyst stage

A

Hollow ball of several hundred cells

40
Q

Amnion

A

Contains amniotic fluid to act as shock absorber and protect baby

41
Q

3 germ layers

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

42
Q

Ectoderm

A

Epidermis nervous system and sense organs

43
Q

Mesoderm

A

Cartilage bone muscle

44
Q

Endoderm

A

Lining of digestive system lining of lungs
Liver and pancreas

45
Q

Stages of birth

A

Pituitary gland releases (oxytocin)
Stimulates uterus muscles to contract

Stage 1 :(12 hours till birth ) contraction causes foetus to move towards cervix
Contractions break amniotic sac
Stage 2 :(20 mins to hour)
Foetus passes through cervix and birth canal is born
Stage 3 :(10-15 mins)
Uterus contracts and expels afterbirth

46
Q

Natural birth control

A

Avoid intercourse during fertile period
Billings method (cervix only produces mucus)

47
Q

Mechanical birth control

A

Condom
Diaphragm

48
Q

Chemical birth control

A

Contraceptive pill
Morning after pill (breaks down lining of womb)

49
Q

Surgical methids of contraception

A

Vasectomy- sperm ducts cut
Tubal ligation - oviducts tied

50
Q

Placenta

A

Lining around baby
Moves food from mother to baby
Produces hormones

51
Q

Placenta is created by

A

Embryonic and uterine tissue

Biology (19 decks)

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