Human Problem Solving

Question 1

____, attempting to achieve a goal when nothing in the problem describes how

Answer 1

Problem Solving

Question 2

What are the 3 examples of problems psychologist have used to study problem solving?

Answer 2

Chess, Tower of Hanoi, & Missionaries and Cannibals games

Question 3

What are the 2 combining behaviors humans use to solve problems?

Answer 3

1) if you have seen a problem before, you tend to solve it the same way you did before
2) when humans encounter a novel problem, they tend to use general problem solving strategies

Question 4

Who studied how people solve simple arithmetic problems using water jugs?

Answer 4

Lunchins (1942)

Question 5

Lunchins (1942) water jug experiment lead to ____, to use the same strategy over & over regardless of outcome

Answer 5

Perservate

Question 6

What are the 3 ways when humans encounter a novel problem, they tend to use general problem solving strategies?

Answer 6

Brute Force Search, Heuristics, & Hill Climbing

Question 7

Which of the 3 ways when humans encounter a novel problem, they tend to use general problem solving strategies is when we examine every possible answer until we find the correct one?

Answer 7

Brute Force Searching

Question 8

The problem with Brute Force Search is ____, the number of possible moves in a problem space increase modestly, the number of possible solutions increase dramatically

Answer 8

Combinational Explosion

Question 9

Which of the 3 ways when humans encounter a novel problem, they tend to use general problem solving strategies is when we use simple intuitive rules that humans apply to complex problems?

Answer 9

Heuristics

Question 10

Which of the 3 ways when humans encounter a novel problem, they tend to use general problem solving strategies is when we are looking for actions that take us closer to a solution?

Answer 10

Hill Climbing

Question 11

In Hill Climbing ____, is starting at the goal state of a problem & working backwards.

Answer 11

Working Backwards

Question 12

In Hill Climbing ____, is working forward & backwards at the same time.

Answer 12

Means & Analysis

Question 13

____ (1958 & 1972) developed a program that solved a broad range of problems called General Problem Solver (GPS)

Answer 13

Newell & Simon

Question 14

What are the 2 reasons experts are better problem solvers than amateurs?

Answer 14

1) More knowledge to work with (Analogy) & 2) Easier manipulation of knowledge (Chunking)

Question 15

____ (1978) stated that experts can chunk info. in working memory more efficiently than amateurs. He used chess to study this.

Answer 15

Chi (1978)

Question 16

What are the 2 types of Insight problem solving?

Answer 16

1) Incremental/ Analytic & 2) Insight

Question 17

____, an insight problem solving way that assumes that you work through the problem in a straight-forward, step wise manner, & any prior knowledge will be helpful?

Answer 17

Incremental/ Analytic Problem Solving

Question 18

____, an insight problem solving way which prior knowledge tends to prevent you from reaching solutions in step wise manner?

Answer 18

Insight Problem Solving

Question 19

____ & ____ (1987), used 48 subjects to solve 5 insight & 5 algebra problems & every 15 sec. they rated how close they felt to a solution through feelings of “warmth” ratings?

Answer 19

Metcalfe & Wiebe (1987)

Question 20

In Metcalfe & Wiebe (1987), warmth rating experiment with insight & algebra problems what were the results?

Answer 20

Subjects had a gradual increase in warmth ratings for algebra problems but no increasing warmth until immediately before a solution for insight problems