Categorization

Question 1

Where are categories stored?

Answer 1

Semantic Memory

Question 2

____, general knowledge about the world around us, FACTS.

Answer 2

Semantic Memory

Question 3

The ____ is the theory that concepts are represented as lists of necessary & sufficient properties.

Answer 3

“Classical” Theory of Categorization

Question 4

An ex. of ____ is the properties of a ball might be that it is round, bounces, rolls downhill, etc.

Answer 4

“Classical” Theory of Categorization

Question 5

An ex. of ____, bachelor—> unmarried man

Answer 5

“Classical” Theory of Categorization

Question 6

The ____, suggests that we have strict definitions of object categories, & when we encounter an object with those definitions, then we place that object in the category.

Answer 6

“Classical” Theory of Categorization

Question 7

An ex. of “Classical” Theory of Categorization by ____ (1974), pictured objects should qualify as “cups” but some people said “bowls & trophies” than cups.

Answer 7

Labov, (1974)

Question 8

In typicality effects, ____ is categories in our semantic memory that tends to be fuzzy or loose.

Answer 8

Graded Membership

Question 9

In typicality effect, an ex. of ____ is birds: Robin, Sparrow, Eagle (Typical) & Chicken, Penguin, Ostrich (Not Typical)

Answer 9

Graded Membership

Question 10

____ is the fact that some members of a category are viewed as better examples of a category than others.

Answer 10

Typicality Effect

Question 11

In ____ an ex. is the cups experiment, some thought that certain cups were more “cup-like” than others.

Answer 11

Typicality Effect

Question 12

What are the 3 types of empirical evidence supports Typicality Effect?

Answer 12

Membership Production, Typicality Rating, Sentence Verification

Question 13

Which of the 3 types of evidence supporting Typicality Effect, that is if you ask people to generate examples of a category, some examples are MUCH more likely to be given than others.

Answer 13

Membership Production

Question 14

Which of the 3 types of evidence supporting Typicality Effect, that is when you ask people to rate how “typical” an object is of a categroy

Answer 14

Typicality Rating

Question 15

Which of the 3 types of evidence supporting Typicality Effect, that is people more quickly answer questions about categorizations of some objects than others

Answer 15

Sentence Verification

Question 16

Which of the 3 types of evidence supporting Typicality Effect, ex. is writing down 5 vehicles: CAR, Stroller, AIRPLANE, TRAIN, Elevator. (capitalized items more likely to be written).

Answer 16

Membership Production

Question 17

Which of the 3 types of evidence supporting Typicality Effect, ex. by Matt & Smith (1984), ratings for fruits & birds, on a 7 point scale the top ratings were Apple & Robin

Answer 17

Typicality Ratings

Question 18

Which of the 3 types of evidence supporting Typicality Effect, ex. is, Is ford a type of car? (quick answer, typical) & Is a birch a tree? (long answer, not typical)

Answer 18

Sentence Verification

Question 19

Why is the classical theory of categorization may be flawed?

Answer 19

B/c typicality effects are commonly seen in 3 experimental paradigms

Question 20

____, is the notion that we have an ideal example of recognizable objects, & that we compare objects to that ideal when we categorize.

Answer 20

Prototype Theory of Categorizaiton

Question 21

The basic idea of ____ is a category is defined in memory by a representation of an “ideal member” of that category called a “prototype”

Answer 21

Prototype Theory of Categorizaiton

Question 22

An ex of ____ is Solso & McCarthy (1981), had people pick a person out of a line up of pictures.

Answer 22

Prototype Theory of Categorizaiton

Question 23

____, we remember particular ex.’s (exemplars) of objects that we have encountered & we use these examples of a category to judge the similarity of new objects to that category

Answer 23

Exemplar Theory

Question 24

An ex. of ____ is when you see a long hair golden retriever, you say “hey Alice, look at that (DOG over Animal & Longhair Golden Retriever)”

Answer 24

Exemplar Theory

Question 25

Both the ___ & ___ Theories are based on the concept of “similarity”

Answer 25

Prototype & Exemplar Theories

Question 26

In similarity theories, ____ theories predict that a typical example is judged rapidly b/c its highly similar to the prototype

Answer 26

Prototype Theories

Question 27

In similarity theories, ____ theories states that the typical example resembles so many of the stored exemplars

Answer 27

Exemplar Theories

Question 28

What is the problem w/ similarity theories?

Answer 28

They do not really explain which objects should be categorized in which ways.

Question 29

____, features of an object may facilitate our perceptions of them, but do not necessarily define their concept.

Answer 29

Explanation Based View

Question 30

The basic idea of ____ is that categorization is much more complex than classical theory or similarity theories suggest

Answer 30

Explanation Based View

Question 31

Evidence for Explanation Based View is ____ (1986) experiment of children being asked about their intuitive theories about objects… What is more similar? & What is easier to do? Choices: 1)Toaster & Coffeepots 2) Skunks & Raccoons

Answer 31

Kiel (1986)