Categorization Flashcards
Where are categories stored?
Semantic Memory
____, general knowledge about the world around us, FACTS.
Semantic Memory
The ____ is the theory that concepts are represented as lists of necessary & sufficient properties.
“Classical” Theory of Categorization
An ex. of ____ is the properties of a ball might be that it is round, bounces, rolls downhill, etc.
“Classical” Theory of Categorization
An ex. of ____, bachelor—> unmarried man
“Classical” Theory of Categorization
The ____, suggests that we have strict definitions of object categories, & when we encounter an object with those definitions, then we place that object in the category.
“Classical” Theory of Categorization
An ex. of “Classical” Theory of Categorization by ____ (1974), pictured objects should qualify as “cups” but some people said “bowls & trophies” than cups.
Labov, (1974)
In typicality effects, ____ is categories in our semantic memory that tends to be fuzzy or loose.
Graded Membership
In typicality effect, an ex. of ____ is birds: Robin, Sparrow, Eagle (Typical) & Chicken, Penguin, Ostrich (Not Typical)
Graded Membership
____ is the fact that some members of a category are viewed as better examples of a category than others.
Typicality Effect
In ____ an ex. is the cups experiment, some thought that certain cups were more “cup-like” than others.
Typicality Effect
What are the 3 types of empirical evidence supports Typicality Effect?
Membership Production, Typicality Rating, Sentence Verification
Which of the 3 types of evidence supporting Typicality Effect, that is if you ask people to generate examples of a category, some examples are MUCH more likely to be given than others.
Membership Production
Which of the 3 types of evidence supporting Typicality Effect, that is when you ask people to rate how “typical” an object is of a categroy
Typicality Rating
Which of the 3 types of evidence supporting Typicality Effect, that is people more quickly answer questions about categorizations of some objects than others
Sentence Verification
Which of the 3 types of evidence supporting Typicality Effect, ex. is writing down 5 vehicles: CAR, Stroller, AIRPLANE, TRAIN, Elevator. (capitalized items more likely to be written).
Membership Production
Which of the 3 types of evidence supporting Typicality Effect, ex. by Matt & Smith (1984), ratings for fruits & birds, on a 7 point scale the top ratings were Apple & Robin
Typicality Ratings
Which of the 3 types of evidence supporting Typicality Effect, ex. is, Is ford a type of car? (quick answer, typical) & Is a birch a tree? (long answer, not typical)
Sentence Verification
Why is the classical theory of categorization may be flawed?
B/c typicality effects are commonly seen in 3 experimental paradigms
____, is the notion that we have an ideal example of recognizable objects, & that we compare objects to that ideal when we categorize.
Prototype Theory of Categorizaiton
The basic idea of ____ is a category is defined in memory by a representation of an “ideal member” of that category called a “prototype”
Prototype Theory of Categorizaiton
An ex of ____ is Solso & McCarthy (1981), had people pick a person out of a line up of pictures.
Prototype Theory of Categorizaiton
____, we remember particular ex.’s (exemplars) of objects that we have encountered & we use these examples of a category to judge the similarity of new objects to that category
Exemplar Theory
An ex. of ____ is when you see a long hair golden retriever, you say “hey Alice, look at that (DOG over Animal & Longhair Golden Retriever)”
Exemplar Theory
Both the ___ & ___ Theories are based on the concept of “similarity”
Prototype & Exemplar Theories
In similarity theories, ____ theories predict that a typical example is judged rapidly b/c its highly similar to the prototype
Prototype Theories
In similarity theories, ____ theories states that the typical example resembles so many of the stored exemplars
Exemplar Theories
What is the problem w/ similarity theories?
They do not really explain which objects should be categorized in which ways.
____, features of an object may facilitate our perceptions of them, but do not necessarily define their concept.
Explanation Based View
The basic idea of ____ is that categorization is much more complex than classical theory or similarity theories suggest
Explanation Based View
Evidence for Explanation Based View is ____ (1986) experiment of children being asked about their intuitive theories about objects… What is more similar? & What is easier to do? Choices: 1)Toaster & Coffeepots 2) Skunks & Raccoons
Kiel (1986)
