human physiology Flashcards by Zainab Mahawish

respiration following steps

atmospheric air in , alveolar air out
diffusion of o2 co2 across alveolar membrane
transport of gases by blood
diffusion of o2 and co2 btw blood and tissue
utilisation of o2 and co2 out

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tracheal tubes

insects

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Respiratory organ
skin or moist cuticle, cutaneous respiration

earthworm and frog

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common passage for food and air

pharynx

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healthy human breaths

12-16 times per minute

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3 layer of respiratory membrane

alveolar epithelium
basement membrane
endothelium

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association

more po2
less co2,temp,H+
shift to left

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whose solubility is more co2 or o2

co2 is 20-25 times more soluble than o2

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normal condition every 100 ml deliver ——- o2 to tissue

5ml

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every 100 ml o0f deoxygenated blood —— ml of co2 to alveoli

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respiratory rhythm centre , location and functions.

medulla oblongata

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chemosensitive area

adjacent to rhythm centre

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pnemotaxic centre

pons

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asthma

inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles, wheezing

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emphysema

smoking, chronic disorder

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3 major proteins in plasma

fibrinogen - clotting of blood
globulin - defence mechanism
albumin- osmotic balance

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Occupational respiratory disorder

inflammation of fibriosis

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plasma 55%

90-92% water in plasma
6-8% proteins

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Leucocyte

granulocyte -
neutrophil- 60-65% phagocyte
Eosinophils - 2-3% resist infections , suppress
allergic reactions
Basophil -0.5-1% secrete histamin, serotonin, heparin
Agranulocyte-
lymphocyte 20-25%
monocyte 6-8% phagocytosis

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formed elements 45%

Thrombocytes
Leucocyte- 6000-8000 mm^-3, nucleated
Erythrocytes - 5-5.5 million mm^-3, enucleated

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serum

plasma - clotting protein

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platelets

150000-350000 mm^-3

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blood group , antigen , antibody

A - A - ANTI B
B - B - ANTI A
AB - A,B - NIL
O - NIL - ANTI A,B

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universal donor

O-

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universal recipients

AB+

RH incompatibility / haemolytic disease of new born/ erythroblastosis foetalis

mother rh -ve child rh +ve first pregnancy - anti RH antibody formed second pregnancy- antibody cross the placenta, RCB ruptures death of foetus or mother can happen, anaemia , jaundice

Prothrombin to thrombin converting enzymes

thrombokinase

Fibrinogen to fibrin converting enzyme

thrombin

closed circulatory system,

annelids , chordates

2 chambered

fish , single circulation

3 chambered heart

reptiles, amphibians except crocodile

sino atrial node

natural pace maker 70-75 min^-1 initiate and maintain rhythmic activity

atrio ventricular node

pace setter

bundle of his

AV bundle + purkinjee fibre

time in which 1 cardiac cycle takes place

0.8 sec

systol, diastole

contraction, relaxation

cardiac output

stroke volume * heart rate 70ml/ beat. * 75beat/ min = 5.25L/ min

ECG

P- atrial depolarisation QRS- ventricular depolarisation T- ventricular repolarisation no. of QRS= pulse

layers of artery and vein

inner linning - squamous endothelium , tunica intima middle layer smooth muscle and elastic fibre , tunica media, thin external layer of fibres connective tissue, with collagen fibre, tunica externa

Sphygmomanometer normal 120/80 higher- hypertension

hepatic portal vein

blood from intestine to liver before it is delivered to the systemic circulation

hepatic portal system

a unique vascular connection btw digestive tract and liver

kidney

excretion , osmoregulation

ammonotelic

bony fishes aquatic amphibians aquatic insects

ureotelic

mammals Terrestrial amphibions marine fishes

uricotelic

reptiles , birds, land snails , insects

Excretory structure and eg

*protonephridia[ flame cells] - Platyhelminthes , flatworms eg; planaria, rotifers some annelids and cephalochordate *nephridia - earthworms and other annelids *malpigian tubules - most insects including cockroaches *antennal glands[green glands] - crustaceans like prawns

Structural and functional unit of kidney

nephrons

location of kidney

last thoracic T12 and third lumbar L3 10-12 cm - l 5- 7 cm - w 2-3cm - t 120-170g - w

nephron types

juxta medullary nephron- loop of henle very long , vasa recta present cortical nephron- loop of henley too short, no vasa recta

Nephron

glomerulus , renal tubules blood flow ; afferent arteriole - glomerulus - efferent arteriole

amount of blood filtered by kidneys

1100-1200 ml/min

what cannot pass into lumen of bowman's capsule

protein

GFR in healthy individuals

125ml/min 180l/day urine released 1.5 l

active and passive reabsorption

active- glucose ,amino acids , Na+ ions passive- water , nitrogenous waste

proximal convoluted tube is lined by

cuboidal brush border epithelium

Ascending and descending limb

ascending limb- water impermeable, removal of electrolytes descending limb- water permeable

distal convoluted tubule

Responsible for conditional reabsorption of na+ and h2o

collecting duct

large amount of water is reabsorbed produce concentrated urine

RAAS

renin angiotensinogen aldosterone system

ANF [atrial natriuretic factor]

check on RAAS decrease blood pressure

regulation of kidney function

loss of body fluid regulate osmoreceptors which intern stimulate hypothalamus to release ADH[anti diuritic hormone]/vasopressin . if body fluid volume increases, switch of osmoreceptors and suppress ADH release

diabetes mellitus

Presence of glucose [ glycosuria] and ketonuria

lungs

removal of co2 200ml/min

Accumulation of urea in blood

uremia

haemodialysis

clean blood - anti heparin

renal calculi

kidney stones

glomerulonephritis

inflammation of glomerulus

amoeboid movement

macrophages and leucocytes , cytoskeletal[microfilaments]

all locomotion are movements but all movements are not locomotion , true or false

true

myosin and actin

muscle create ------- % of weight in our body

40-50

myosin and actin

actin- F actin troponin tropomyosin myosin- monomer= meromyosin head has actin and ATP binding sites

all about muscles

epimysium, perimysium, endomysium muscle fascicle fascia [ interstitial space] muscle fibre cell mayo filaments 1. myosin 2. actin

structural and functional unit of muscle

sarcomere

sliding filament theory

huxley and huxley contraction- A band unchanged I band decreased M line unchanged sarcomere decreased

sarcoplasmic reticulum

store house of Ca ion

appendicular

126

axial

cranium

facial bone

vertebral column

cervical

thoracic

lumbar

false ribs

8-10

floating ribs

11,12

each limb

clavicle articulates with

acromion

ball and socket

humorous and pictorial girdle

hinge joint

knee joint and elbow joint

pivot joint

atlas and axis

saddle joint

carpal and meta carpal

gliding joint

btw carpal