human physiology Flashcards
respiration following steps
- atmospheric air in , alveolar air out
- diffusion of o2 co2 across alveolar membrane
- transport of gases by blood
- diffusion of o2 and co2 btw blood and tissue
- utilisation of o2 and co2 out
tracheal tubes
insects
Respiratory organ
skin or moist cuticle, cutaneous respiration
earthworm and frog
common passage for food and air
pharynx
healthy human breaths
12-16 times per minute
3 layer of respiratory membrane
alveolar epithelium
basement membrane
endothelium
association
more po2
less co2,temp,H+
shift to left
whose solubility is more co2 or o2
co2 is 20-25 times more soluble than o2
normal condition every 100 ml deliver ——- o2 to tissue
5ml
every 100 ml o0f deoxygenated blood —— ml of co2 to alveoli
4
respiratory rhythm centre , location and functions.
medulla oblongata
chemosensitive area
adjacent to rhythm centre
pnemotaxic centre
pons
asthma
inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles, wheezing
emphysema
smoking, chronic disorder
3 major proteins in plasma
fibrinogen - clotting of blood
globulin - defence mechanism
albumin- osmotic balance
Occupational respiratory disorder
inflammation of fibriosis
plasma 55%
90-92% water in plasma
6-8% proteins
Leucocyte
granulocyte -
neutrophil- 60-65% phagocyte
Eosinophils - 2-3% resist infections , suppress
allergic reactions
Basophil -0.5-1% secrete histamin, serotonin, heparin
Agranulocyte-
lymphocyte 20-25%
monocyte 6-8% phagocytosis
formed elements 45%
Thrombocytes
Leucocyte- 6000-8000 mm^-3, nucleated
Erythrocytes - 5-5.5 million mm^-3, enucleated
serum
plasma - clotting protein
platelets
150000-350000 mm^-3
blood group , antigen , antibody
A - A - ANTI B
B - B - ANTI A
AB - A,B - NIL
O - NIL - ANTI A,B
universal donor
O-
universal recipients
AB+
RH incompatibility / haemolytic disease of new born/ erythroblastosis foetalis
mother rh -ve
child rh +ve
first pregnancy - anti RH antibody formed
second pregnancy- antibody cross the placenta, RCB ruptures death of foetus or mother can happen, anaemia , jaundice
Prothrombin to thrombin converting enzymes
thrombokinase
Fibrinogen to fibrin converting enzyme
thrombin
closed circulatory system,
annelids , chordates
2 chambered
fish , single circulation
3 chambered heart
reptiles, amphibians except crocodile
sino atrial node
natural pace maker
70-75 min^-1
initiate and maintain rhythmic activity
atrio ventricular node
pace setter
bundle of his
AV bundle + purkinjee fibre
time in which 1 cardiac cycle takes place
0.8 sec
systol, diastole
contraction, relaxation
cardiac output
stroke volume * heart rate
70ml/ beat. * 75beat/ min
= 5.25L/ min
ECG
P- atrial depolarisation
QRS- ventricular depolarisation
T- ventricular repolarisation
no. of QRS= pulse
layers of artery and vein
inner linning - squamous endothelium , tunica intima
middle layer smooth muscle and elastic fibre , tunica media, thin
external layer of fibres connective tissue, with collagen fibre, tunica externa
BP
Sphygmomanometer
normal 120/80
higher- hypertension
hepatic portal vein
blood from intestine to liver before it is delivered to the systemic circulation
hepatic portal system
a unique vascular connection btw digestive tract and liver
kidney
excretion , osmoregulation
ammonotelic
bony fishes
aquatic amphibians
aquatic insects
ureotelic
mammals
Terrestrial amphibions
marine fishes
uricotelic
reptiles , birds, land snails , insects
Excretory structure and eg
*protonephridia[ flame cells] - Platyhelminthes , flatworms eg; planaria, rotifers some annelids and cephalochordate
*nephridia - earthworms and other annelids
*malpigian tubules - most insects including cockroaches
*antennal glands[green glands] - crustaceans like prawns
Structural and functional unit of kidney
nephrons
location of kidney
last thoracic T12 and third lumbar L3
10-12 cm - l
5- 7 cm - w
2-3cm - t
120-170g - w
nephron types
juxta medullary nephron- loop of henle very long , vasa recta present
cortical nephron- loop of henley too short, no vasa recta
Nephron
glomerulus , renal tubules
blood flow ; afferent arteriole - glomerulus - efferent arteriole
amount of blood filtered by kidneys
1100-1200 ml/min
what cannot pass into lumen of bowman’s capsule
protein
GFR in healthy individuals
125ml/min
180l/day
urine released 1.5 l
active and passive reabsorption
active- glucose ,amino acids , Na+ ions
passive- water , nitrogenous waste
proximal convoluted tube is lined by
cuboidal brush border epithelium
Ascending and descending limb
ascending limb- water impermeable, removal of electrolytes
descending limb- water permeable
distal convoluted tubule
Responsible for conditional reabsorption of na+ and h2o
collecting duct
large amount of water is reabsorbed produce concentrated urine
RAAS
renin angiotensinogen aldosterone system
ANF [atrial natriuretic factor]
check on RAAS
decrease blood pressure
regulation of kidney function
loss of body fluid regulate osmoreceptors which intern stimulate hypothalamus to release ADH[anti diuritic hormone]/vasopressin .
if body fluid volume increases, switch of osmoreceptors and suppress ADH release
diabetes mellitus
Presence of glucose [ glycosuria] and ketonuria
lungs
removal of co2 200ml/min
Accumulation of urea in blood
uremia
haemodialysis
clean blood - anti heparin
renal calculi
kidney stones
glomerulonephritis
inflammation of glomerulus
amoeboid movement
macrophages and leucocytes , cytoskeletal[microfilaments]
all locomotion are movements but all movements are not locomotion , true or false
true
myosin and actin
muscle create ——- % of weight in our body
40-50
myosin and actin
actin-
F actin
troponin
tropomyosin
myosin-
monomer= meromyosin
head has actin and ATP binding sites
all about muscles
epimysium, perimysium, endomysium
muscle
fascicle
fascia [ interstitial space]
muscle fibre cell
mayo filaments
1. myosin
2. actin
structural and functional unit of muscle
sarcomere
sliding filament theory
huxley and huxley
contraction-
A band unchanged
I band decreased
M line unchanged
sarcomere decreased
sarcoplasmic reticulum
store house of Ca ion
appendicular
126
axial
80
cranium
8
facial bone
14
vertebral column
26
cervical
7
thoracic
12
lumbar
5
false ribs
8-10
floating ribs
11,12
each limb
30
clavicle articulates with
acromion
ball and socket
humorous and pictorial girdle
hinge joint
knee joint and elbow joint
pivot joint
atlas and axis
saddle joint
carpal and meta carpal
gliding joint
btw carpal
