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human physiology Flashcards

1
Q

respiration following steps

A
  1. atmospheric air in , alveolar air out
  2. diffusion of o2 co2 across alveolar membrane
  3. transport of gases by blood
  4. diffusion of o2 and co2 btw blood and tissue
  5. utilisation of o2 and co2 out
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1
Q

tracheal tubes

A

insects

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1
Q

Respiratory organ
skin or moist cuticle, cutaneous respiration

A

earthworm and frog

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2
Q

common passage for food and air

A

pharynx

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3
Q

healthy human breaths

A

12-16 times per minute

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4
Q

3 layer of respiratory membrane

A

alveolar epithelium
basement membrane
endothelium

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5
Q

association

A

more po2
less co2,temp,H+
shift to left

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6
Q

whose solubility is more co2 or o2

A

co2 is 20-25 times more soluble than o2

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7
Q

normal condition every 100 ml deliver ——- o2 to tissue

A

5ml

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8
Q

every 100 ml o0f deoxygenated blood —— ml of co2 to alveoli

A

4

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9
Q

respiratory rhythm centre , location and functions.

A

medulla oblongata

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10
Q

chemosensitive area

A

adjacent to rhythm centre

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10
Q

pnemotaxic centre

A

pons

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11
Q

asthma

A

inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles, wheezing

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12
Q

emphysema

A

smoking, chronic disorder

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13
Q

3 major proteins in plasma

A

fibrinogen - clotting of blood
globulin - defence mechanism
albumin- osmotic balance

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14
Q

Occupational respiratory disorder

A

inflammation of fibriosis

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15
Q

plasma 55%

A

90-92% water in plasma
6-8% proteins

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15
Q

Leucocyte

A

granulocyte -
neutrophil- 60-65% phagocyte
Eosinophils - 2-3% resist infections , suppress
allergic reactions
Basophil -0.5-1% secrete histamin, serotonin, heparin
Agranulocyte-
lymphocyte 20-25%
monocyte 6-8% phagocytosis

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15
Q

formed elements 45%

A

Thrombocytes
Leucocyte- 6000-8000 mm^-3, nucleated
Erythrocytes - 5-5.5 million mm^-3, enucleated

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16
Q

serum

A

plasma - clotting protein

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17
Q

platelets

A

150000-350000 mm^-3

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18
Q

blood group , antigen , antibody

A

A - A - ANTI B
B - B - ANTI A
AB - A,B - NIL
O - NIL - ANTI A,B

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19
Q

universal donor

A

O-

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20
Q

universal recipients

A

AB+

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21
Q

RH incompatibility / haemolytic disease of new born/ erythroblastosis foetalis

A

mother rh -ve
child rh +ve
first pregnancy - anti RH antibody formed
second pregnancy- antibody cross the placenta, RCB ruptures death of foetus or mother can happen, anaemia , jaundice

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22
Q

Prothrombin to thrombin converting enzymes

A

thrombokinase

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23
Q

Fibrinogen to fibrin converting enzyme

A

thrombin

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24
Q

closed circulatory system,

A

annelids , chordates

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25
Q

2 chambered

A

fish , single circulation

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26
Q

3 chambered heart

A

reptiles, amphibians except crocodile

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27
Q

sino atrial node

A

natural pace maker
70-75 min^-1
initiate and maintain rhythmic activity

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28
Q

atrio ventricular node

A

pace setter

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29
Q

bundle of his

A

AV bundle + purkinjee fibre

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30
Q

time in which 1 cardiac cycle takes place

A

0.8 sec

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31
Q

systol, diastole

A

contraction, relaxation

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32
Q

cardiac output

A

stroke volume * heart rate
70ml/ beat. * 75beat/ min
= 5.25L/ min

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33
Q

ECG

A

P- atrial depolarisation
QRS- ventricular depolarisation
T- ventricular repolarisation
no. of QRS= pulse

33
Q

layers of artery and vein

A

inner linning - squamous endothelium , tunica intima
middle layer smooth muscle and elastic fibre , tunica media, thin
external layer of fibres connective tissue, with collagen fibre, tunica externa

34
Q

BP

A

Sphygmomanometer
normal 120/80
higher- hypertension

35
Q

hepatic portal vein

A

blood from intestine to liver before it is delivered to the systemic circulation

35
Q

hepatic portal system

A

a unique vascular connection btw digestive tract and liver

36
Q

kidney

A

excretion , osmoregulation

37
Q

ammonotelic

A

bony fishes
aquatic amphibians
aquatic insects

37
Q

ureotelic

A

mammals
Terrestrial amphibions
marine fishes

38
Q

uricotelic

A

reptiles , birds, land snails , insects

39
Q

Excretory structure and eg

A

*protonephridia[ flame cells] - Platyhelminthes , flatworms eg; planaria, rotifers some annelids and cephalochordate
*nephridia - earthworms and other annelids
*malpigian tubules - most insects including cockroaches
*antennal glands[green glands] - crustaceans like prawns

40
Q

Structural and functional unit of kidney

A

nephrons

41
Q

location of kidney

A

last thoracic T12 and third lumbar L3
10-12 cm - l
5- 7 cm - w
2-3cm - t
120-170g - w

42
Q

nephron types

A

juxta medullary nephron- loop of henle very long , vasa recta present
cortical nephron- loop of henley too short, no vasa recta

42
Q

Nephron

A

glomerulus , renal tubules
blood flow ; afferent arteriole - glomerulus - efferent arteriole

43
Q

amount of blood filtered by kidneys

A

1100-1200 ml/min

44
Q

what cannot pass into lumen of bowman’s capsule

A

protein

45
Q

GFR in healthy individuals

A

125ml/min
180l/day
urine released 1.5 l

45
Q

active and passive reabsorption

A

active- glucose ,amino acids , Na+ ions
passive- water , nitrogenous waste

46
Q

proximal convoluted tube is lined by

A

cuboidal brush border epithelium

47
Q

Ascending and descending limb

A

ascending limb- water impermeable, removal of electrolytes
descending limb- water permeable

48
Q

distal convoluted tubule

A

Responsible for conditional reabsorption of na+ and h2o

49
Q

collecting duct

A

large amount of water is reabsorbed produce concentrated urine

50
Q

RAAS

A

renin angiotensinogen aldosterone system

51
Q

ANF [atrial natriuretic factor]

A

check on RAAS
decrease blood pressure

51
Q

regulation of kidney function

A

loss of body fluid regulate osmoreceptors which intern stimulate hypothalamus to release ADH[anti diuritic hormone]/vasopressin .
if body fluid volume increases, switch of osmoreceptors and suppress ADH release

52
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

Presence of glucose [ glycosuria] and ketonuria

52
Q

lungs

A

removal of co2 200ml/min

53
Q

Accumulation of urea in blood

A

uremia

54
Q

haemodialysis

A

clean blood - anti heparin

55
Q

renal calculi

A

kidney stones

56
Q

glomerulonephritis

A

inflammation of glomerulus

57
Q

amoeboid movement

A

macrophages and leucocytes , cytoskeletal[microfilaments]

57
Q

all locomotion are movements but all movements are not locomotion , true or false

A

true

58
Q

myosin and actin

A
58
Q

muscle create ——- % of weight in our body

A

40-50

59
Q

myosin and actin

A

actin-
F actin
troponin
tropomyosin
myosin-
monomer= meromyosin
head has actin and ATP binding sites

60
Q

all about muscles

A

epimysium, perimysium, endomysium
muscle
fascicle
fascia [ interstitial space]
muscle fibre cell
mayo filaments
1. myosin
2. actin

61
Q

structural and functional unit of muscle

A

sarcomere

62
Q

sliding filament theory

A

huxley and huxley
contraction-
A band unchanged
I band decreased
M line unchanged
sarcomere decreased

62
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

store house of Ca ion

63
Q

appendicular

A

126

64
Q

axial

A

80

65
Q

cranium

A

8

66
Q

facial bone

A

14

67
Q

vertebral column

A

26

68
Q

cervical

A

7

68
Q

thoracic

A

12

69
Q

lumbar

A

5

69
Q

false ribs

A

8-10

70
Q

floating ribs

A

11,12

71
Q

each limb

A

30

71
Q

clavicle articulates with

A

acromion

72
Q

ball and socket

A

humorous and pictorial girdle

73
Q

hinge joint

A

knee joint and elbow joint

73
Q

pivot joint

A

atlas and axis

74
Q

saddle joint

A

carpal and meta carpal

74
Q

gliding joint

A

btw carpal

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