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Biology 🧬 > human nutrition 🌱 > Flashcards

human nutrition 🌱 Flashcards

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1
Q

what should a balanced diet include?

A

carbohydrate
protein
lipid
vitamins
minerals
water
dietary fibre

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2
Q

what is a source, function and deficiency/health issue of carbohydrates?

A
  • pasta, potato, sugary drinks, rice.
  • provide energy for respiration
  • obesity and type II diabetes.
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3
Q

what is a source, function and deficiency/health issue of proteins?

A

-fish, eggs, red meat, chicken, lentils.
- growth and repair
- kwashiorkor

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4
Q

what is a source, function and deficiency/health issue of lipids?

A
  • avocado, nuts, oils, cheese.
  • insulation, protection of organs, making cell membranes, energy.
  • heart disease, strokes, joint damage, obesity.
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5
Q

what is a source, function and deficiency/health issue of vitamin A?

A
  • green vegetables, dairy products.
  • makes a chemical which works in the eye to help you see in the dark.
  • night blindness.
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6
Q

what is a source, function and deficiency/health issue of vitamin C?

A
  • citrus fruit, strawberries, sprouts.
  • helps join cells together to make tissues.
  • scurvy.
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7
Q

what is a source, function and deficiency/health issue of vitamin D?

A
  • fish liver oils.
  • helps bones absorb calcium.
  • rickets.
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8
Q

what is a source, function and deficiency/health issue of calcium? (MINERAL)

A
  • dairy products.
  • strengthens bones and teeth.
  • rickets
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9
Q

what is a source, function and deficiency/health issue of iron? (MINERAL)

A
  • red meat, green leafy vegetables.
  • used to make haemoglobin.
  • anaemia.
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10
Q

what is a function and deficiency/health issue of water?

A
  • chemical reactions - to help lubricate joints, excrete waste, and keep eye tissues moist.
  • dehydration.
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11
Q

what is a source, function and deficiency/health issue of dietary fibre?

A
  • wholegrain/wholemeal, beans, nuts, seeds
  • to help the digestive system to move food through intestines.
  • constipation, heart disease, bowel cancer, stroke, type II diabetes.
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12
Q

what 3 body processes does energy fuel?
(these vary with activity levels, age, gender, body size, and pregnancy)

A
  • maintaining body temperature.
  • muscle contractions/heart beating.
  • growth.
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13
Q

what is the structure and function of the human alimentary canal - mouth?

A

ingestion and mechanical and chemical digestion.

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14
Q

what is the structure and function of the human alimentary canal - oesophogus?

A

food moves via peristalsis to the stomach.

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15
Q

what is the structure and function of the human alimentary canal - stomach?

A
  • hydrochloric acid kills bacteria.
  • protein digestion through pepsin enzymes.
  • mechanical digestion.
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16
Q

what is the structure and function of the human alimentary canal - small intestine?

A
  • chemical digestion (enzymes).
  • absorption of nutrients.
17
Q

what is the structure and function of the human alimentary canal - duodenum and ileum? (parts of small intestine).

A
  • duodenum - digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.
  • ileum - absorption of digested food products into bloodstream so they can be transported to body cells.
18
Q

what is the structure and function of the human alimentary canal - large intestine/colon?

A

absorption of water.

19
Q

what is the structure and function of the human alimentary canal - rectum? (part of large intestine/colon).

A

storage of faeces before egestion. (released without having been part of the body).

20
Q

what is the structure and function of the human alimentary canal - pancreas?

A

produces digestive enzymes and alkali which are secreted into small intestine.

21
Q

how is food moved through the gut?

A

peristalsis.
- wavelike muscular contractions which move food along the tract.
- mucus is produced - lubricates the passage and protects the walls of the tract against enzymes.

22
Q

where is carbohydrase located in digestive system?

A
  • mouth
  • pancreas
  • small intestine
23
Q

where is protease located in digestive system?

A
  • stomach
  • pancreas
  • small intestine
24
Q

where is lipase located in digestive system?

A
  • pancreas
  • small intestine
25
Q

what does amylase break down and what does it turn into?

A

starch, glucose.

26
Q

what does maltase break down and what does it turn into?

A

maltose, glucose.

27
Q

what does protease break down and what does it turn into?

A

protein, amino acids.

28
Q

what does lipase break down and what does it turn into?

A

lipids, 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids.

29
Q

where is bile produced/stored?

A

produced = liver
stored = gall bladder

30
Q

what is the function of bile?

A
  • neutralising stomach acid
  • emulsifying lipids.
31
Q

how are the villi adapted for absorption in the ileum?(3)

A
  • lining of intestine one cell thick = smaller diffusion distance.
  • good blood supply = each villus contains capillaries to maintain concentration gradient.
  • microvilli = increase the S.A. for absorption.

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