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Biology 🧬 > diet and digestion 💅🏻 > Flashcards

diet and digestion 💅🏻 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the mouth?

A
  • Ingestion
  • Mechanical and chemical digestion
  • Starch is broken down by amylase produced by the salivary gland into maltose.
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2
Q

What is the function of the salivary glands?

A

Saliva lubricates and provides amylase.

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3
Q

What is the function of the epiglottis?

A

Prevents choking.

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4
Q

What is the function of the oesophagus?

A

Food moves via peristalsis through the oesophagus to the stomach.

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5
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the stomach?

A
  • Hydrochloric acid in the stomach kills bacteria. Also gives a low ph for the enzymes to work at their optimum ph.
  • Protein digestion through enzymes (pepsin)
  • Mechanical digestion
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6
Q

What are the 2 main functions of the small intestine?

A
  • Chemical digestion of enzymes.
  • Digested nutrients are absorbed and diffused into the blood through capillaries in the villi in the small intestine. Only small, soluble substances can pass across the wall of the small intestine.
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7
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

Primary purpose = absorption of water.

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8
Q

What is the function of the rectum?

A

Storage of faeces before egestion (released without having been part of the body).

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9
Q

What is the function of the anus?

A

Where faeces (undigested material) are expelled from the body.

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10
Q

What is the function of the liver?

A

Produces bile.

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11
Q

What is the function of the gall bladder?

A

Stores bile (produced by liver).

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12
Q

What is the function of the pancreas?

A

Amylase, lipases, and proteases (which are all used in the small intestine) are produced by the pancreas.

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13
Q

What are the 3 distinct regions of the small intestine?

A
  • Duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
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14
Q

What is the role of bile?

A
  • Emulsifies lipids (to provide a larger surface area for lipase enzymes)
  • Bile neutralises stomach acid (to provide optimum pH for enzymes in the small intestine)
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15
Q

What does the digestion of starch result in and what digestive enzyme/s were involved?

A

Glucose, by amylase and maltase.

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16
Q

What does the digestion of proteins result in and what digestive enzyme/s were involved?

A

Amino acids, by proteases and pepsin.

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17
Q

What does the digestion of lipids result in and what digestive enzyme/s were involved?

A

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids, by lipase.

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18
Q

What should a balanced diet include?

A

The appropriate portions of:
- Carbohydrate
- Protein
- Lipid
- Vitamins
- Minerals
- Water
- Dietary Fibre

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19
Q

What equation is used to find the amount of energy released from food per gram?

A

Energy released from food per gram (J/g) = mass of water (g) x temperature rise (Degrees Celsius) x 4.2
DIVIDED BY
mass of food burnt (g)

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20
Q

What are some sources, function/s, and health issues of carbohydrates?

A

Sources: pasta, rice, potato, sugary drinks.
Function: to provide energy
Health issues: too much can lead to obesity and type 2 diabetes.

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21
Q

What are some sources, function/s, and health issues of proteins?

A

Sources: fish, eggs, red meat, chicken, lentils.
Functions: growth and repair.
Health issues: too little can lead to Kwashiorkor.

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22
Q

What are some sources, function/s, and health issues of lipids?

A

Sources: nuts, oils, cheese, avocado.
Functions: insulation, protection of organs from shock/damage, making cell membranes, energy storage.
Health issues: too much can lead to heart disease, strokes, obesity, and joint damage.

23
Q

What are some sources, function/s, and the deficiency disease of Vitamin A?

A

Sources: green vegetables, dairy products.
Function: makes a chemical which works in the eye to help see in the dark.
Deficiency disease: night blindness

24
Q

What are some sources, function/s, and the deficiency disease of Vitamin C?

A

Sources: citrus fruit, strawberries, sprouts.
Function: helps join cells together to make tissues.
Deficiency disease: scurvy.

25
Q

What are some sources, function/s, and the deficiency disease of Vitamin D?

A

Sources: fish liver oils, created from sunlight.
Function: helps bones absorb calcium.
Deficiency disease: rickets.

26
Q

What are some sources, function/s, and the deficiency disease of the mineral Calcium?

A

Sources: dairy products
Function: strengthens bones and teeth.
Deficiency disease: rickets.

27
Q

What are some sources, function/s, and the deficiency disease of the mineral Iron?

A

Sources: red meat, green leafy vegetables.
Function: used to make haemoglobin (in red blood cells).
Deficiency disease: anaemia.

28
Q

What are some sources and function/s of dietary fibre?

A

Sources: plant based foods, bran, brown rice, lentils, oats, wheat.
Function: helps your digestive system to process food.

29
Q

What is a deficiency disease?

A

A deficiency disease is a disease you get when you don’t eat enough of a certain vital food group that keeps you healthy.

30
Q

What is meant by a balanced diet?

A

A balanced diet means eating the right types of food in the right amounts. This provides your body with substances in the correct proportions to keep you healthy.

31
Q

What are 3 functions of water in the body?

A
  • Lubricates joints
  • Regulates and maintains body temperature.
  • Keeps eye tissues moist.
32
Q

What happens when you don’t drink enough water?

A

You become dehydrated.

33
Q

What are the 2 types of enzymes and give an example for each?

A
  1. Enzymes that break larger molecules apart (e.g. digestive enzymes)
  2. Enzymes that join larger molecules together (e.g. plants making glucose in photosynthesis).
34
Q

Where is the digestive enzyme protease found? (HINT: 3 places)

A
  • Stomach
  • Pancreas
  • Small intestine
35
Q

Where is the digestive enzyme lipase found? (HINT: 2 places)

A
  • Pancreas
  • Small intestine
36
Q

What do protease enzymes break proteins down into?

A

Amino acids.

37
Q

Where are carbohydrates digested? (3 places)

A

Mouth, stomach, small intestine.

38
Q

Where are proteins digested (2 places)

A

Stomach and small intestine.

39
Q

Where are lipids digested and what is it helped by?

A

Small intestine (helped by bile, produced by the liver).

40
Q

What do lipase enzymes break down fat into?

A

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids.

41
Q

Which part of the digestive system releases all 3 types of enzyme (protease, lipase, carbohydrase)?

A

Small intestine.

42
Q

Where does amylase digestion occur in?

A

Small intestine
Mouth

43
Q

What is the substrate of amylase?

A

Starch.

44
Q

What is the product of starch?

A

Maltose.

45
Q

Where does maltase digestion occur in?

A

Small intestine.

46
Q

What is the substrate of maltase?

A

Maltose.

47
Q

What is the products of maltose?

A

Glucose.

48
Q

Where does lipase digestion occur in?

A

Small intestine.

49
Q

What is the substrate of lipase?

A

Lipid.

50
Q

What is the products of lipids?

A

1 glycerol
3 fatty acids.

51
Q

Where does protease digestion occur in?

A

Stomach
Small intestine.

52
Q

What is the substrate of protease?

A

Protein.

53
Q

What is the products of protein?

A

Amino acids.

54
Q

What is the order of digestion? (9 places)

A
  1. Mouth (ingestion)
  2. Oesophagus
  3. Stomach
  4. Liver
  5. Pancreas
  6. Small intestine
  7. Large intestine
  8. Rectum
  9. Anus (egestion)

Biology 🧬 (16 decks)

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