gas exchange🌷 Flashcards
What is respiration?
A chemical reaction of the production of ATP (energy) from the breakdown of glucose.
What does respiration release (as a by-product)
Heat.
What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?
Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + ATP (energy)
What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals?
Glucose → lactic acid + ATP (energy)
What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast?
Glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide + ATP (energy)
What is the balanced symbol equation for aerobic respiration?
C6H1206 +602 → 6CO2 + 6H20 +ATP (energy)
What is aerobic respiration?
Breaking down glucose in the presence of oxygen in mitochondria in cells.
What is anaerobic respiration?
Breaking down glucose in the absence of oxygen in the cytoplasm in cells.
What can be used to measure aerobic respiration and what colours does it turn depending on CO2 concentration?
Hydrogen carbonate indicator.
Turns yellow in the presence of CO2.
Purple when low.
Red when medium.
Yellow when high.
(relative to atmosphere)
When is ATP (energy) produced and what is it used for?
Produced in respiration.
Used for processes such as:
- muscle contraction
- active transport
- making proteins
- movement, growth, and repair
What does breathing and ventilation do in the body? *
-Bring oxygen in for respiration into the alveoli whilst removing carbon dioxide.
What does the diaphragm do when you inhale and exhale?
Inhale = contracts and flattens
Exhale = relaxes and moves up
What do the intercostal muscles do when you inhale and exhale?
Inhale = contract
Exhale = relax
What do the ribs do when you inhale and exhale?
Inhale = move up and out
Exhale =move in and down
What does the volume of the thorax do when you inhale and exhale?
Inhale = increase
Exhale = decrease
What does the pressure of the thorax do when you inhale and exhale?
Inhale = decreases relative to atmosphere
Exhale = increases relative to atmosphere
What does air do when you inhale and exhale?
Inhale = moves into the lungs
Exhale = forced out of the lungs
What is gas exchange? *
Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the capillaries to be taken to the heart via the pulmonary vein. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the capillaries to the alveoli to be exhaled.
Where does gas exchange occur?
Occurs between the alveoli and the capillaries.
What are 5 adaptations for the alveoli for gas exchange? *
- large surface area - increases rate of diffusion
- thin walls - (1 cell thick) reduces diffusion distance
- moist lining - allows gases to dissolve and diffuse.
- good blood supply from capillaries - maintains steep concentration gradient for O2 and CO2 (there is always a higher concentration of CO2 and a lower concentration of O2).
- good ventilation - maintains high levels of O2 and CO2 in the alveoli.
What is tar?
A carcinogen that can lead to cancer.
What does tar cause?
The breakdown of the alveoli walls, causing them to merge together.
What happens if you get emphysema? *
- Alveoli become fused
- This reduces the surface area
- This means slower gas exchange.
What happens if you get bronchitis? *
- Cilia become damaged.
- As a result, there is a build-up of mucus and bacteria and can lead to infection.
What is oxygen debt?
The volume of oxygen required to break down the lactic acid produced in anaerobic respiration.
What is breathing? *
Changes in volume and pressure inside the thorax (chest) which brings air into the lungs and expels air out.
How can limewater be used to demonstrate respiration has occurred?
Limewater turns cloudy from clear in the presence of CO2.
What is the function of goblet cells lining the trachea?
Produce mucus which traps pathogens and dirt.
What is the function of ciliated cells lining the trachea?
Have cilia (tiny hairs) to waft mucus up and out of the airways.
What causes a smoker’s cough?
Cigarette smoke damaging the ciliated cells so the only way to remove mucus and trapped pathogens/dirt is to cough it up.
What causes emphysema? *
- Particles in the cigarette smoke damage the walls of the alveoli
- Decreasing the S.A. for gas exchange.
- This makes people become breathless as less oxygen is absorbed into blood per breath.
What effect does carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke have on a smoker?
- Binds to red blood cells (instead of oxygen)
- So heart rate increases to get the same amount of O2 around the body.
- Results in increased blood pressure and risk of heart failure.
What is the composition of inhaled air?
- Oxygen = 21%
- Carbon Dioxide = 0.04%
- Water vapour = less
What is the composition of exhaled air?
Oxygen = 16%
Carbon dioxide = 4%
Water vapour = more
