gas exchange🌷

Question 1

What is respiration?

Answer 1

A chemical reaction of the production of ATP (energy) from the breakdown of glucose.

Question 2

What does respiration release (as a by-product)

Answer 2

Heat.

Question 3

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

Answer 3

Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + ATP (energy)

Question 4

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals?

Answer 4

Glucose → lactic acid + ATP (energy)

Question 5

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast?

Answer 5

Glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide + ATP (energy)

Question 6

What is the balanced symbol equation for aerobic respiration?

Answer 6

C6H1206 +602 → 6CO2 + 6H20 +ATP (energy)

Question 7

What is aerobic respiration?

Answer 7

Breaking down glucose in the presence of oxygen in mitochondria in cells.

Question 8

What is anaerobic respiration?

Answer 8

Breaking down glucose in the absence of oxygen in the cytoplasm in cells.

Question 9

What can be used to measure aerobic respiration and what colours does it turn depending on CO2 concentration?

Answer 9

Hydrogen carbonate indicator.

Turns yellow in the presence of CO2.

Purple when low.
Red when medium.
Yellow when high.
(relative to atmosphere)

Question 10

When is ATP (energy) produced and what is it used for?

Answer 10

Produced in respiration.

Used for processes such as:
- muscle contraction
- active transport
- making proteins
- movement, growth, and repair

Question 11

What does breathing and ventilation do in the body? *

Answer 11

-Bring oxygen in for respiration into the alveoli whilst removing carbon dioxide.

Question 12

What does the diaphragm do when you inhale and exhale?

Answer 12

Inhale = contracts and flattens
Exhale = relaxes and moves up

Question 13

What do the intercostal muscles do when you inhale and exhale?

Answer 13

Inhale = contract
Exhale = relax

Question 14

What do the ribs do when you inhale and exhale?

Answer 14

Inhale = move up and out
Exhale =move in and down

Question 15

What does the volume of the thorax do when you inhale and exhale?

Answer 15

Inhale = increase
Exhale = decrease

Question 16

What does the pressure of the thorax do when you inhale and exhale?

Answer 16

Inhale = decreases relative to atmosphere
Exhale = increases relative to atmosphere

Question 17

What does air do when you inhale and exhale?

Answer 17

Inhale = moves into the lungs
Exhale = forced out of the lungs

Question 18

What is gas exchange? *

Answer 18

Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the capillaries to be taken to the heart via the pulmonary vein. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the capillaries to the alveoli to be exhaled.

Question 19

Where does gas exchange occur?

Answer 19

Occurs between the alveoli and the capillaries.

Question 20

What are 5 adaptations for the alveoli for gas exchange? *

Answer 20

• large surface area - increases rate of diffusion
• thin walls - (1 cell thick) reduces diffusion distance
• moist lining - allows gases to dissolve and diffuse.
• good blood supply from capillaries - maintains steep concentration gradient for O2 and CO2 (there is always a higher concentration of CO2 and a lower concentration of O2).
• good ventilation - maintains high levels of O2 and CO2 in the alveoli.

Question 21

What is tar?

Answer 21

A carcinogen that can lead to cancer.

Question 22

What does tar cause?

Answer 22

The breakdown of the alveoli walls, causing them to merge together.

Question 23

What happens if you get emphysema? *

Answer 23

• Alveoli become fused
• This reduces the surface area
• This means slower gas exchange.

Question 24

What happens if you get bronchitis? *

Answer 24

• Cilia become damaged.
• As a result, there is a build-up of mucus and bacteria and can lead to infection.

Question 25

What is oxygen debt?

Answer 25

The volume of oxygen required to break down the lactic acid produced in anaerobic respiration.

Question 26

What is breathing? *

Answer 26

Changes in volume and pressure inside the thorax (chest) which brings air into the lungs and expels air out.

Question 27

How can limewater be used to demonstrate respiration has occurred?

Answer 27

Limewater turns cloudy from clear in the presence of CO2.

Question 28

What is the function of goblet cells lining the trachea?

Answer 28

Produce mucus which traps pathogens and dirt.

Question 29

What is the function of ciliated cells lining the trachea?

Answer 29

Have cilia (tiny hairs) to waft mucus up and out of the airways.

Question 30

What causes a smoker’s cough?

Answer 30

Cigarette smoke damaging the ciliated cells so the only way to remove mucus and trapped pathogens/dirt is to cough it up.

Question 31

What causes emphysema? *

Answer 31

• Particles in the cigarette smoke damage the walls of the alveoli
• Decreasing the S.A. for gas exchange.
• This makes people become breathless as less oxygen is absorbed into blood per breath.

Question 32

What effect does carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke have on a smoker?

Answer 32

• Binds to red blood cells (instead of oxygen)
• So heart rate increases to get the same amount of O2 around the body.
• Results in increased blood pressure and risk of heart failure.

Question 33

What is the composition of inhaled air?

Answer 33

• Oxygen = 21%
• Carbon Dioxide = 0.04%
• Water vapour = less

Question 34

What is the composition of exhaled air?

Answer 34

Oxygen = 16%
Carbon dioxide = 4%
Water vapour = more