Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Flashcards

1
Q

What type of Virus causes HIV?

A

Lentivirus

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2
Q

What is a Lentivirus?

A

A retrovirus characterized by long incubation periods

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3
Q

How many types of HIV are there?

A

Two

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4
Q

Which type of HIV is the most common in the United States

A

HIV-1

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5
Q

Which type of HIV is the most common in Africa?

A

HIV-2

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6
Q

Over time, what does HIV progress into?

A

AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency)

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7
Q

Is HIV an acute or chronic disease?

A

Chronic

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8
Q

What population(s) is most commonly infected with HIV?

A

Gay and bisexual men

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9
Q

What ethnicity is most commonly infected with HIV?

A

African Americans

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10
Q

In order, what are the 4 stages of an HIV infection?

A
  1. Exposure/acute infection
  2. Asymptomatic infection
  3. Symptomatic infection
  4. Aids
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11
Q

Approximately how many days will it take for an antibody test to be positive for an HIV infection?

A

25 days on average, can be up to 3 months

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12
Q

During which stage is an individual with HIV most likely to infect someone else?

A

Acute infection stage

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13
Q

What symptoms present 2 to 6 weeks post exposure?

A

Flu-like symptoms, FEVER rash, fatigue, headache, pharyngitis, myalgia, arthralgia, mucocutaneous ulceration, generalized lymphadenopathy

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14
Q

How many people with an HIV infection experience the acute infection phase?

A

2/3

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15
Q

What is the average CD4 count in a healthy adult?

A

800 to 1100

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16
Q

At what stage do the CD4 levels in an HIV infected individual drop?

A

Asymptomatic

17
Q

How long does the asymptomatic period of HIV last?

A

Could be as short as a few months, but 11 years is the median

18
Q

AIDS is classified when the CD4 count falls below what number?

19
Q

What is the initial screening test for HIV?

A

ELISA (Enyzme linked immunosorbent assay)

20
Q

What is the confirmatory test for HIV?

A

Western Blot

21
Q

When paired together, are the ELISA test and Western Blot test reliable?

A

Yes, VERY reliable

22
Q

If a patient doesn’t like his/her blood drawn, what HIV test could you administer?

A

Orasure HIV 1 Oral Specimen

23
Q

Which HIV test can detect infection within 11 days of exposure, and is typically used with newborns and high risk individuals?

A

RNA or Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAAT)

24
Q

Which two variables are most important when deciding the treatment plan for HIV infected individuals?

A

CD4 count and Viral Load

25
Who does the CDC recommend to get tested for HIV?
Patients 13 to 64 years in all health care settings, at least once a lifetime
26
If someone is diagnosed with HIV, what steps, as a clinician, should you take?
1. Get a detailed medical/vaccination history 2. Perform a good physical exam 3. Screen for other STI's 4. Look at antibody testing/opportunistic infections 5. Get baseline CD4 count and Viral Load
27
As soon as someone is diagnosed with HIV, what treatment is recommended?
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART)
28
If used early on, are antiretrovirals effective?
Yes, if patient is compliant with medications
29
If your partner has HIV, what can you do to decrease the likelihood of becoming infected?
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (Truvada)
30
What type of opportunistic infections can occur as a result of HIV?
1. Bacterial 2. Fungal 3. Viral 4. Parasitic/Protozoa
31
How is HIV transmitted?
1. Sexual contact 2. IDU (injection drug use) 3. Vertical (mom to baby) (breastfeeding)