HUMAN HISTORY - 1600 CE - 1999 CE Flashcards
King Henry declared he was the “Supreme Head on earth of the Church of England.”
Date?
1534 [Significance?]
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
Publication
Date
“On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres”
1543
“THE BLACK SHIPS”
Date
Significance
The Black Ships (“kurofune”, Edo Period term) was the name given to Western vessels arriving in Japan in the 16th and 19th centuries.
In 1543 Portuguese initiated the first contacts, establishing a trade route linking Goa to Nagasaki. The large carracks engaged in this trade had the hull painted black with pitch, and the term came to represent all western vessels.
In 1639, after suppressing a rebellion blamed on the Christian influence, the ruling Tokugawa shogunate retreated into an isolationist policy, the Sakoku. During this “locked state”, contact with Japan by Westerners was restricted to Dejima island at Nagasaki.
In 1844, William II of the Netherlands urged Japan to open, but was rejected.
1618
Significances
Name
Significance: Start of the Thirty Years’ War
Significance: election of the new Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand II, who tried to impose religious uniformity on his domains, forcing Roman Catholicism on its peoples.
(A century after the publication of the Ninety-five Theses by Martin Luther.)
[Date?]
START OF THE THIRTY YEARS’ WAR
Date
Significance
Who started it?
Date: 1618
Significance: The new Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand II, who tried to impose religious uniformity on his domains, forcing Roman Catholicism on its peoples. (101 years after the 1517 publication of the Ninety-the five Theses by Martin Luther.)
[Ramifications?]
THIRTY YEARS WAR
Dates
Why did it start?
1618: The new Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand II, tried to impose religious uniformity on his domains, forcing Roman Catholicism on its peoples. (101 years after the 1517 publication of the Ninety-the five Theses by Martin Luther.)
Significance: Initially a war between various Protestant and Catholic states in the fragmented Holy Roman Empire, it gradually developed into a more general conflict involving most of the great powers. These states employed relatively large mercenary armies, and the war became less about religion and more about power and domination.
1618: Ended the Reformation
ENGLISH PURITANS
Date
Location
AKA
Why did they establish a colony in the New World?
Date: 1620
Location: Plymouth Bay, in modern-day Massachusetts.
(known as Pilgrims)
Religiously rigid, they sought separation from the Anglican Church and freedom to practice their religion as they saw fit.
GALILEO
Publication
Date
“Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems.”
1632
SAKOKU 鎖国 (LOCKED STATE)
Date
Reason
Name
Westerners allowed where
In 1639, after suppressing a rebellion blamed on the Christian influence, the ruling Tokugawa shogunate retreated into an isolationist policy, the Sakoku (鎖国, “closed country”). During this “locked state”, contact with Japan by Westerners was restricted to Dejima island at Nagasaki.
Who was born 25 December one or two hours after midnight?
(And his dates?)
Sir Isaac Newton 1642-1726 (birth?)
ISAAC NEWTON
Birth
Significance
Death
b.25 December 1642 one or two hours after midnight
Significance: An English mathematician, astronomer, theologian, author and physicist (described in his own day as a “natural philosopher”) who is widely recognised as one of the most influential scientists of all time and a key figure in the scientific revolution.
His 1687 book formulated the three laws of motion and universal gravitation that dominated scientists’ view of the physical universe for the next three centuries. {Filosohfiae natoorahlis prinkipiah mat-hematika} “Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy” (now called Physics)
d. 1726 (84)
Finish this quote:
“If I have seen further …
Author
… is by standing on the shoulders of giants.”
Sir Isaac Newton 1642-1726
Finish this quote:
“I do not know what I may appear to the world, but to myself I seem to have been only like …
Author
… a boy playing on the sea-shore, and diverting myself in now and then finding a smoother pebble or a prettier shell than ordinary, whilst the great ocean of truth lay all undiscovered before me.”
Sir Isaac Newton 1642-1726
QING DYNASTY
Qing: Taking advantage of some 200 years of internal Ming weakness, the Manchus conquered China in 1644. A nomadic tribe, the Manchus quickly adapted to internal Chinese ways, including adopting the Confucian bureaucracy, and established the Qing Empire. The Qing would rule China until 1911.
1648
Significances
Significance: end of the Reformation
Significance: end of the Thirty Years War [Date?]
END OF THE THIRTY YEARS’ WAR
Date
Significance
Date: 1648
Significance: End of the Reformation
[Other Significance?]
END OF THE REFORMATION
Date
Significance
1648
End of the Thirty Years’ War
[Other Significance?]
THE ENLIGHTENMENT
Dates
Why do we call it The Enlightenment?
1650-1790, the Enlightenment marked the first time a secular world view predominated among leading intellectuals in the Western world. Previously, Catholics and Protestants had controlled most knowledge and had contended that all true knowledge came from the Church. The “light” of the Enlightenment came from man’s own ability to reason outside of the Church.
If taken back to the mid-17th century, the Enlightenment would trace its origins to Descartes’ Discourse on the Method, published in 1637. It is argued by several historians and philosophers that the beginning of the Enlightenment is when Descartes shifted the epistemological basis from external authority to internal certainty by his cogito ergo sum published in 1637.
As to its end, most scholars use the last years of the century, often choosing the French Revolution of 1789 or the beginning of the Napoleonic Wars (1804–1815) as a convenient point in time with which to date the end of the Enlightenment.
ISAAC NEWTON
Invention dates
Personal life
In late 1668 he was able to produce the first reflecting telescope. It was about eight inches long and it gave a clearer and larger image than any before.
He never married, Voltaire said, nor had he any commerce with women.
Who was a fellow of Trinity College Cambridge in the late 1600s?
What years?
(And his dates?)
Sir Isaac Newton 1642-1726
1667 (25yo) till 1701
(Significance?)
Fellow of the Royal Society
Dates
Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1726)
1682-1726 [Dates?]
Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica
“Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy” (now called Physics)
Author
Year
Pronunciation
Sir Isaac Newton 1642-1726
Publication: 1687 (age 45) {Filosohfiae natoorahlis prinkipiah mat-hematika} [Significance?]
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION -
Beginning
End of the Scientific Renaissance
End of the Scientific Revolution
Dates; Reasons
While its dates are debated, the publication in 1543 of Nicolaus Copernicus’s De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) is often cited as marking the beginning of the scientific revolution.
The first half of the scientific revolution, the Scientific Renaissance, was focused on the recovery of the knowledge of the ancients; this is generally considered to have ended in 1632 with publication of Galileo’s Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems.
The completion of the scientific revolution is attributed to the “grand synthesis” of Isaac Newton’s 1687 Principia, that formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation, and completed the synthesis of a new cosmology. {Filosohfiae natoorahlis prinkipiah mat-hematika} “Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy” (now called Physics)
ISAAC NEWTON
Publication
Date
Significance
1687
Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica
{Filosohfiae natoorahlis prinkipiah mat-hematika}
Formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation, and completed the synthesis of a new cosmology.
Completed the scientific revolution with its “grand synthesis.”
PRUSSIA
Which countries was it?
Capitals?
Modern-day Germany and Austria
Königsberg (1525–1701)
Berlin (1701–1947)
Prussia was a prominent historical German state originating out of the Duchy of Prussia and the Margraviate of Brandenburg, and centred on the region of Prussia. For centuries, the House of Hohenzollern ruled Prussia, successfully expanding its size by way of an unusually well-organised and effective army. Prussia, with its capital in Königsberg and from 1701 in Berlin, shaped the history of Germany.
In 1871, German states united to create the German Empire under Prussian leadership. In November 1918, the monarchies were abolished and the nobility lost its political power during the German Revolution of 1918–19. The Kingdom of Prussia was thus abolished in favour of a republic—the Free State of Prussia, a state of Germany from 1918 until 1933. From 1933, Prussia lost its independence as a result of the Prussian coup, when the Nazi regime was successfully establishing its Gleichschaltung laws in pursuit of a unitary state. With the end of the Nazi regime, the division of Germany into allied-occupation zones and the separation of its territories east of the Oder–Neisse line, which were incorporated into Poland and the Soviet Union, the State of Prussia ceased to exist de facto in 1945.[2][3] Prussia existed de jure until its formal liquidation by the Allied Control CouncilEnactment No. 46 of 25 February 1947.[4]
The name Prussia derives from the Old Prussians; in the 13th century, the Teutonic Knights—an organized Catholic medieval military order of German crusaders—conquered the lands inhabited by them. In 1308, the Teutonic Knights conquered the region of Pomerelia with Gdańsk (Danzig). Their monastic state was mostly Germanised through immigration from central and western Germany, and, in the south, it was Polonised by settlers from Masovia. The Second Peace of Thorn (1466) split Prussia into the western Royal Prussia, a province of Poland, and the eastern part, from 1525 called the Duchy of Prussia, a fief of the Crown of Poland up to 1657. The union of Brandenburg and the Duchy of Prussia in 1618 led to the proclamation of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1701.
Prussia entered the ranks of the great powers shortly after becoming a kingdom,[5][6][7][8] and exercised most influence in the 18th and 19th centuries. During the 18th century it had a major say in many international affairs under the reign of Frederick the Great. During the 19th century, Chancellor Otto von Bismarck united the German principalities into a “Lesser Germany”, which excluded the Austrian Empire.
At the Congress of Vienna (1814–15), which redrew the map of Europe following Napoleon’s defeat, Prussia acquired a large section of north western Germany, including the coal-rich Ruhr. The country then grew rapidly in influence economically and politically, and became the core of the North German Confederation in 1867, and then of the German Empire in 1871. The Kingdom of Prussia was now so large and so dominant in the new Germany that Junkers and other Prussian élites identified more and more as Germans and less as Prussians.
The Kingdom ended in 1918 along with other German monarchies that collapsed as a result of the post-World War I German Revolution. In the Weimar Republic, the Free State of Prussia lost nearly all of its legal and political importance following the 1932 coup led by Franz von Papen. Subsequently, it was effectively dismantled into Nazi German Gaue in 1935. Nevertheless, some Prussian ministries were kept and Hermann Göringremained in his role as Minister President of Prussia until the end of World War II. Former eastern territories of Germany that made up a significant part of Prussia lost the majority of their German population after 1945 as the People’s Republic of Poland and the Soviet Union both absorbed these territories and had most of its German inhabitants expelled by 1950. Prussia, deemed a bearer of militarism and reaction by the Allies was officially abolished by an Allied declaration in 1947. The international status of the former eastern territories of Germany was disputed until the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany in 1990, while its return to Germany remains a topic among far right politicians, the Federation of Expellees and various political revisionists.
The term Prussian has often been used, especially outside Germany, to emphasise professionalism, aggressiveness, militarism and conservatism of the Junker class of landed aristocrats in the East who dominated first Prussia and then the German Empire.
Who, as Master, of the Royal Mint, disguised himself as a habitué of bars and taverns at age 56, gathered evidence and successfully prosecuted counterfeit coiners?
When was he Master of the Royal Mint? (And his dates?)
Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1726)
1701-1726 [Significance?]
THE SEVEN YEARS’ WAR
Dates
Defenders
Attackers
(1756-1763)
Prussia (modern-day Germany and Austria) With the financial aid of Great Britain, Frederick the Great of Prussia was able to defeat the combined armies of France, Russia, and Sweden.
THE SEVEN YEARS’ WAR
Dates
Combatants
1756-1763:
Prussia (modern-day Germany and Austria) With the financial aid of Great Britain, Frederick the Great of Prussia was able to defeat the combined armies of France, Russia, and Sweden.
