CARDS to DISTRIBUTE

Question 1

AMERICA ISN’T INDIA?

Who.

When.

Answer 1

Apparently, the credit is traditionally given to the Florentine Amerigo Vespucci (1454-1512). Of course, America comes from the name Amerigo.

His famous letter The New World – announcing his theory that South America and the Caribbean were part of a “new” continent unknown to either Classical Man, the Muslim, or the Sino-influenced societies – followed Vespucci’s 1501-1502 voyage to the Americas.

Question 2

CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS

Voyages

Dates

Answer 2

4 voyages 1492 - 1506

Question 3

NORMANS

Where from?

3 modern countries

Etymology

Answer 3

The Normans (Norman: Normaunds; French: Normands; Latin: Normanni) were the people who, in the 10th and 11th centuries, gave their name to Normandy, a region in central-northern coastal France.

They were descended from Norse (“Norman” comes from “Norseman”) Vikings (Old English wicingas—”pirates”) from Denmark, Iceland and Norway who, under their leader Rollo, agreed to swear fealty to King Charles III of West Francia.

Through generations of mixing with the native Frankish and Gallo-Roman populations, their descendants gradually became assimilated into the Carolingian-based cultures of West Francia. The distinct cultural and ethnic identity of the Normans emerged initially in the first half of the 10th century, and it continued to evolve over the succeeding centuries.

Question 4

SAXONS

Anglo-Saxons

Where originated

Answer 4

The Saxons (Latin: Saxones, Old English: Seaxe, Old Saxon: Sahson, Low German: Sassen) were a group of Germanic tribes first mentioned as living near the central North Sea coast of what is now Germany (Old Saxony), in the late Roman Empire.

They were soon mentioned as raiding and settling in many North Sea areas, as well as pushing south inland towards the Franks. Significant numbers settled in large parts of Great Britain in the early Middle Ages and formed part of the merged group of Anglo-Saxons who eventually organised the first united Kingdom of England.

Many Saxons however remained in Germania (Old Saxony c. 531–804), where they resisted the expanding Frankish Empire through the leadership of the semi-legendary Saxon hero, Widukind. Initially, Saxons of Britain and those of Old Saxony (Northern Germany) were both referred to as ‘Saxons’ in an indiscriminate manner. The term Anglo-Saxon, in turn, came into practice in the 8th century (probably by Paul the Deacon) to distinguish English Saxons from continental Saxons (Ealdseaxe, ‘old Saxons’).

Question 5

GALILEO

Overview and known as…

Answer 5

Known for his work as astronomer, physicist, engineer, philosopher, and mathematician, Galileo has been called the “father of observational astronomy”, the “father of modern physics”

Galileo’s championing of heliocentrism and Copernicanism was controversial during his lifetime, when most subscribed to either geocentrism or the Tychonic system.[4] He met with opposition from astronomers, who doubted heliocentrism because of the absence of an observed stellar parallax.[4] The matter was investigated by the Roman Inquisition in 1615, which concluded that heliocentrism was “foolish and absurd in philosophy, and formally heretical since it explicitly contradicts in many places the sense of Holy Scripture.”[4][5][6] Galileo later defended his views in Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, which appeared to attack Pope Urban VIII and thus alienated him and the Jesuits, who had both supported Galileo up until this point.[4] He was tried by the Inquisition, found “vehemently suspect of heresy”, and forced to recant. He spent the rest of his life under house arrest.[7][8] While under house arrest, he wrote one of his best-known works, Two New Sciences, in which he summarized work he had done some forty years earlier on the two sciences now called kinematics and strength of materials.[9][10]

Question 6

GALILEO

Timeline of Life Events

Birth Studies and Professorship

Medici Patronage

Audience with Pope;

Lincean Academy

Pope gives permission for Copernican study

House Arrest

Death

Answer 6

1564 – BIRTH in Pisa, Italy’s

1581 – Enrols as medical student at University of Pisa

1582 – Attends MATHEMATICS LECTURE by Ostilio Ricci and decides to study math and science (age 18)

1585 – Leaves University of Pisa without degree and works as tutor

1592 – Appointed PROFESSOR (Age 28) of mathematics at University of Padua, remains 18 years

1610 – Lifetime appointment to mathematics position at University of Padua (as he leaves leaves) and becomes mathematician and philosopher for COSIMO I de MEDICI II, Grand Duke of Tuscany (age 46)

1611 – granted audience with POPE; made member of LINCEAN ACADEMY

1624 – Visits Pope who praises and honours him, leaving with assumed PERMISSION to publish work on the Copernican vs. Ptolemaic Systems (age 60)

1633 – sentenced by the Inquisition to imprisonment, commuted to HOUSE ARREST (age 69), for vehement suspicion of heresy

1642 – Death in Arcetri, Italy (age 78)

Question 7

GALILEO

Timeline of Inventions and discoveries

Hydrostatic Balance

Thermometer

Improved ballistics compass

Telescopes

Phases of Venus

Jupiter’s moons

Compound Microscopes

Answer 7

1586 – Invents hydrostatic balance; wrote La Balancitta (The little balance) (age 22)

1593– Invents early thermometer (age 29)

1595 – Invents improved ballistics calculation geometric and military compass (age 31)

1609 – Independently invents and improves telescopes based on description of invention by Hans Lippershey (age 45)

1611 - Discovers phases of Venus, proving geocentric models impossible; granted audience with Pope; made member of Lincean Academy (age 47)

1612 – views our moon’s mountains and craters; tracks 4 of Jupiter’s moons, proving not all bodies orbit the earth. Proposes their use for Longitude (age 48)

1625 – Illustrations of insects made using one of Galileo’s compound microscopes published (age 61)

1638 – Publishes Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences while under house arrest (age 72)

Question 8

GALILEO

Timeline of Publications (x4)

Answer 8

~1590 – Partially completes De Motu (On Motion), which is never PUBLISHED (age 24)

1610 – PUBLISHES Sidereus Nuncius (Starry Messenger) (age 46)

1630 – Completes Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems and subsequently receives approval of Church censor

1632 – PUBLISHES Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, sentenced to house arrest (age 68)

1638 – PUBLISHES Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences while under house arrest (age 74)

Question 9

GALILEO

Milky Way Observation

Answer 9

Galileo observed the Milky Way, previously believed to be nebulous, and found it to be a multitude of stars packed so densely that they appeared from Earth to be clouds.

Question 10

GALILEO

Archimedes Invention that brought him to the attention of the Scientific community

Answer 10

Around the year 1586 Galileo Galilei invented a hydrostatic balance for weighing metals in air and water after apparently being inspired by the work of Archimedes.

Question 11

GALILEO

Pendulum Discoveries

Answer 11

Galileo conducted several experiments with pendulums. It is popularly believed (thanks to the biography by Vincenzo Viviani) that these began by watching the swings of the bronze chandelier in the cathedral of Pisa, using his pulse as a timer.

Later experiments are described in his Two New Sciences. Galileo claimed that a simple pendulum is isochronous, i.e. that its swings always take the same amount of time, independently of the amplitude.

Question 12

GALILEO

Relativity - what did he propose?

Answer 12

Galileo put forward the basic principle of relativity, that the laws of physics are the same in any system that is moving at a constant speed in a straight line, regardless of its particular speed or direction. Hence, there is no absolute motion or absolute rest. This principle provided the basic framework for Newton’s laws of motion and is central to Einstein’s special theory of relativity.

Question 13

GALILEO

Inertia

Answer 13

Galileo stated: “Imagine any particle projected along a horizontal plane without friction; then we know, from what has been more fully explained in the preceding pages, that this particle will move along this same plane with a motion which is uniform and perpetual, provided the plane has no limits”

This was incorporated into Newton’s laws of motion (first law).

Question 14

GALILEO

Mathematics?

Answer 14

While Galileo’s application of mathematics to experimental physics was innovative, his mathematical methods were the standard ones of the day.

Question 15

GALILEO

Entry into the field of Mathematics - anecdote

Answer 15

Up to this point, Galileo had deliberately been kept away from mathematics, since a physician earned a higher income than a mathematician. However, after accidentally attending a lecture on geometry, he talked his reluctant father into letting him study mathematics and natural philosophy instead of medicine.

Question 16

ARCHIMEDES

Dates

Answer 16

c. 287 – c. 212 BCE

Archimedes of Syracuse was a Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor, and astronomer.[3] Although few details of his life are known, he is regarded as one of the leading scientists in classical antiquity. Generally considered the greatest mathematician of antiquity and one of the greatest of all time,[4][5] Archimedes anticipated modern calculus and analysis by applying concepts of infinitesimals and the method of exhaustion to derive and rigorously prove a range of geometrical theorems, including the area of a circle, the surface area and volume of a sphere, and the area under a parabola.

Question 17

ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE

Anecdote

Answer 17

The most widely known anecdote about Archimedes tells of how he invented a method for determining the volume of an object with an irregular shape. According to Vitruvius, a votive crown for a temple had been made for King Hiero II of Syracuse, who had supplied the pure gold to be used, and Archimedes was asked to determine whether some silver had been substituted by the dishonest goldsmith.[18] Archimedes had to solve the problem without damaging the crown, so he could not melt it down into a regularly shaped body in order to calculate its density. While taking a bath, he noticed that the level of the water in the tub rose as he got in, and realized that this effect could be used to determine the volume of the crown. For practical purposes water is incompressible,[19] so the submerged crown would displace an amount of water equal to its own volume. By dividing the mass of the crown by the volume of water displaced, the density of the crown could be obtained. This density would be lower than that of gold if cheaper and less dense metals had been added. Archimedes then took to the streets naked, so excited by his discovery that he had forgotten to dress, crying “Eureka!” (Greek: “εὕρηκα, heúrēka!”, meaning “I have found [it]!”).[18] The test was conducted successfully, proving that silver had indeed been mixed in.

Question 18

ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE

Probable Solution

Answer 18

The story of the golden crown does not appear in the known works of Archimedes. Moreover, the practicality of the method it describes has been called into question, due to the extreme accuracy with which one would have to measure the water displacement.[21] Archimedes may have instead sought a solution that applied the principle known in hydrostatics as Archimedes’ principle, which he describes in his treatise On Floating Bodies. This principle states that a body immersed in a fluid experiences a buoyant force equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces.[22] Using this principle, it would have been possible to compare the density of the crown to that of pure gold by balancing the crown on a scale with a pure gold reference sample of the same weight, then immersing the apparatus in water. The difference in density between the two samples would cause the scale to tip accordingly. Galileo considered it “probable that this method is the same that Archimedes followed, since, besides being very accurate, it is based on demonstrations found by Archimedes himself.”[23] In a 12th-century text titled Mappae clavicula there are instructions on how to perform the weighings in the water in order to calculate the percentage of silver used, and thus solve the problem.[24][25] The Latin poem Carmen de ponderibus et mensuris of the 4th or 5th century describes the use of a hydrostatic balance to solve the problem of the crown, and attributes the method to Archimedes

Question 19

ARCHIMEDES SCREW

Anecdotes

Possibly modelled on

1839 Ship

Answer 19

A large part of Archimedes’ work in engineering arose from fulfilling the needs of his home city of Syracuse. The Greek writer Athenaeus of Naucratis described how King Hiero II commissioned Archimedes to design a huge ship, the Syracusia, which could be used for luxury travel, carrying supplies, and as a naval warship. The Syracusia is said to have been the largest ship built in classical antiquity.[26]

According to Athenaeus, it was capable of carrying 600 people and included garden decorations, a gymnasium and a temple dedicated to the goddess Aphrodite among its facilities. Since a ship of this size would leak a considerable amount of water through the hull, the Archimedes’ screw was purportedly developed in order to remove the bilge water. Archimedes’ machine was a device with a revolving screw-shaped blade inside a cylinder. It was turned by hand, and could also be used to transfer water from a low-lying body of water into irrigation canals.

The Archimedes’ screw is still in use today for pumping liquids and granulated solids such as coal and grain. The Archimedes’ screw described in Roman times by Vitruvius may have been an improvement on a screw pump that was used to irrigate the Hanging Gardens of Babylon.[27][28][29] The world’s first seagoing steamship with a screw propeller was the SS Archimedes, which was launched in 1839 and named in honor of Archimedes and his work on the screw.

Question 20

ARCHIMEDES

Lever Quote

Answer 20

Archimedes’ work on levers caused him to remark: “Give me a place to stand on, and I will move the Earth.” (Greek: δῶς μοι πᾶ στῶ καὶ τὰν γᾶν κινάσω)[43]

Question 21

ARCHIMEDES SUN RAY

Answer 21

Archimedes may have used mirrors acting collectively as a parabolic reflector to burn ships attacking Syracuse. The 2nd century AD author Lucian wrote that during the Siege of Syracuse (c. 214–212 BC), Archimedes destroyed enemy ships with fire. Centuries later, Anthemius of Tralles mentions burning-glasses as Archimedes’ weapon.[33] The device, sometimes called the “Archimedes heat ray”, was used to focus sunlight onto approaching ships, causing them to catch fire.

Question 22

ARCHIMEDES

Block and Tackle

Catapult

Answer 22

Plutarch describes how Archimedes designed block-and-tackle pulley systems, allowing sailors to use the principle of leverage to lift objects that would otherwise have been too heavy to move.[44] Archimedes has also been credited with improving the power and accuracy of the catapult.

Question 23

ARCHIMEDES

Odometer

Answer 23

Archimedes invented the odometer during the First Punic War. The odometer was described as a cart with a gear mechanism that dropped a ball into a container after each mile traveled.[45]

Question 24

ARCHIMEDES

On the Sphere and the Cylinder

Answer 24

In this (two volume) treatise addressed to Dositheus, Archimedes obtains the result of which he was most proud, namely the relationship between a sphere and a circumscribed cylinder of the same height and diameter. The sphere has a volume two-thirds that of the circumscribed cylinder. Similarly, the sphere has an area two-thirds that of the cylinder (including the bases).

A sculpted sphere and cylinder were placed on the tomb of Archimedes at his request. [The volume is 4/3πr3 for the sphere, and 2πr3 for the cylinder. The surface area is 4πr2 for the sphere, and 6πr2 for the cylinder (including its two bases), where r is the radius of the sphere and cylinder.]

Question 25

ARCHIMEDES

Archimedes Palimpsest

Answer 25

{ Palimp-SEST!!]

1906 Constantinople find

13th C prayers

10th C copy of 7 Archimedes Treatises on 174-page Goatskin parchment

Ultraviolet and X-Ray to read palimpsest

1998 $2M The foremost document containing the work of Archimedes is the Archimedes Palimpsest. In 1906, the Danish professor Johan Ludvig Heiberg visited Constantinople and examined a 174-page goatskin parchment of prayers written in the 13th century AD. He discovered that it was a palimpsest, a document with text that had been written over an erased older work. Palimpsests were created by scraping the ink from existing works and reusing them, which was a common practice in the Middle Ages as vellum was expensive. The older works in the palimpsest were identified by scholars as 10th century AD copies of previously unknown treatises by Archimedes.

The parchment spent hundreds of years in a monastery library in Constantinople before being sold to a private collector in the 1920s. On October 29, 1998 it was sold at auction to an anonymous buyer for $2 million at Christie’s in New York.

The palimpsest holds seven treatises, including the only surviving copy of On Floating Bodies in the original Greek. It is the only known source of The Method of Mechanical Theorems, referred to by Suidas and thought to have been lost forever. Stomachion was also discovered in the palimpsest, with a more complete analysis of the puzzle than had been found in previous texts. The palimpsest is now stored at the Walters Art Museum in Baltimore, Maryland, where it has been subjected to a range of modern tests including the use of ultraviolet and x-ray light to read the overwritten text.

Question 26

MONGOLS

Invasion of Rus’

Answer 26

At the kurultai in Mongolia after the end of the Mongol-Jin War, the Great Khan Ögedei ordered Batu to conquer western nations. In 1235 Batu, who earlier had directed the conquest of the Crimean Peninsula, was assigned an army of possibly 130,000 to oversee an invasion of Europe.

The army, actually commanded by Subutai, crossed the Volga and invaded Volga Bulgaria in 1236. It took them a year to extinguish the resistance of the Volga Bulgarians, Kypchaks, and Alani.

In November 1237 Batu Khan sent his envoys to the court of Yuri II of Vladimir-Suzdal and demanded his allegiance. When Yuri refused to surrender the Mongols besieged Ryazan. After six days of bloody battle, the city was totally annihilated and never restored to its former glory. Alarmed by the news, Yuri II sent his sons to detain the horde, but they were soundly defeated. Having burnt Kolomna and Moscow, the horde laid siege to the capital of Vladimir-Suzdal on February 4, 1238. Three days later the city was taken and burnt to the ground.

Thereupon Batu Khan divided his army into smaller units, which ransacked fourteen Rus’ cities: Rostov, Uglich, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Kashin, Ksnyatin, Gorodets, Halych, Pereslavl-Zalessky, Yuriev-Polsky, Dmitrov, Volokolamsk, Tver, and Torzhok.

In the summer of 1238, Batu Khan devastated the Crimea and pacified Mordovia and the Kipchak-controlled steppe. In the winter of 1239, he sacked Chernigov and Pereyaslav. After several days of siege, the Mongols stormed Kiev in December 1240. Despite fierce resistance by Danylo of Halych, Batu Khan managed to take the two principal capitals of his land, Halych and Volodymyr-Volyns’kyi. Ruthenian principalities became vassals of the Mongol Empire.

Question 27

MINGOLS

Invasion of Central Europe

Answer 27

1241

Having devastated the various Rus’ principalities, Subutai and Batu sent spies into Poland, Hungary, and as far as Austria in preparation for an attack into the heartland of Europe. With a clear picture of the European kingdoms, they brilliantly prepared an attack. Batu Khan was the overall leader, but Subutai was the actual commander in the field and as such was present in both the northern and southern campaigns against Rus’. The Mongols invaded central Europe in three groups.

One group invaded and devastated Poland.

A second crossed the Carpathian Mountains.

A third followed the Danube.

The armies swept the plains of Hungary over the summer, and in the spring of 1242 they regained impetus and extended their control into Austria and Dalmatia, as well as invading Morava.

Question 28

MONGOLS

Withdrawal from Europe

Answer 28

By late 1241, Batu and Subutai were finalizing plans to invade Austria, Italy, and Germany when the news came of the death of Ögedei Khan, who died in December 1241. Batu wanted to continue the war, but Subutai reminded him of the law of Yassa (Их Засаг). The Mongols withdrew in late spring of 1242, as the Princes of the blood, and Subutai, were recalled to Karakorum where the kurultai was held. Batu was a potential Great Khan, but when he failed to gain the title he turned to consolidate his conquests in Asia and the Urals.

Question 29

NEBUCHADNEZZAR

Answer 29

Clean up dates I know more now. Add name meaning question.

Question 30

MAGELLAN-ELCANO

What was the FIRST HALF of the route?

Answer 30

Departed Sep 1519 Westward to Canary Islands, 6d

directly to Rio de Janeiro, 60d

along coast then around Sth America 1y

Then directly to the Philippines, 90d where he died.

Question 31

MAGELLAN

What was the SECOND HALF of the route?

Who helmed?

Answer 31

concluded by Spanish navigator Juan Sebastian Elcano

Through Brunei and Timor, 9m

From there directly to Cape of good hope, 4m

Direct to Cape Verde Islands, 6w

Then directly home to Spain, 2m

Almost exactly 3y, Sep 1519-Sep 1522

Question 32

MAGELLAN

Who departed?

Who returned?

Ships, Men, Captains

Answer 32

The Spanish fleet, the Armada de Molucca, (after the Indonesian name for the Spice Islands,) that left Spain on 20 September 1519 consisted of five ships with 270 men:

Trinidad under Magellan, Captain General;

San Antonio under Juan de Cartagena;

Concepcion under Gaspar de Quesada;

Santiago under João Serrão; and

Victoria under Luiz Mendoza.

The circumnavigation was completed by one ship, Victoria, under the command of Juan Sebastián Elcano and a crew of 18 men, which returned to Spain on 6 September 1522.

Question 33

609 BCE

Answer 33

Fall of Haran

Assyrians + Egyptians fell to Babylonians (Nabopalassar) + Medes

Southeastern Turkey, exact middle of the border with Syria

End of Neo-Assyrian Empire

Question 34

FALL OF HARAN

Date

Who conquered who?

Location

Answer 34

609 BCE

Assyrians + Egyptians fell to Babylonians (Nabopalassar) + Medes

Southeastern Turkey, exact middle of the border with Syria

T. E. Lawrence (“Lawrence of Arabia”) surveyed the ancient Harran site.

End of Neo-Assyrian Empire

Question 35

NEO-ASSYRIANS

Dates

Who did they conquer? (8x)

Answer 35

911-609 BCE

Conquered rivals such as Babylonia, Persia, Lydia, Phrygians, Israel, Judah, Phoenicia, and Egypt.

Question 36

NEO-ASSYRIAN EMPIRE

Capital Location

Answer 36

Nineveh is located on the outskirts of Mosul in the very north of modern-day Iraq.

It is located on the eastern bank of the Tigris River, and was the capital of the Neo-Assyrian Empire.

Question 37

CICERO

Answer 37

To add…

Question 38

SILK ROAD

Exact route

Answer 38

Guangzhou To Crimea

Question 39

PLUTARCH

Answer 39

To add…

Question 40

PETRARCH

Dates

Significance

Answer 40

1304-1374

Petrarch is considered the first humanist writer, the founder of humanism, and the first modern writer. Petrarch deliberately looked back to the Greco-Roman period with his Letters to the Ancient Dead, and was heavily influenced by the Roman orator Cicero.

He is credited with initiating the Renaissance.

Religion wasn’t completely divorced from Petrarch’s writing; after his famous ascent up Mount Ventoux (which he ascended merely for the pleasure of the view), Petrarch read from his copy of St. Augustine.

Question 41

Indus River Civilisation

Dates

Two largest Cities

Answer 41

Thrived from 2600 to 1900 BCE

The two largest cities of the Indus River civilizations were Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, each of which had populations in excess of 35,000. The two cities were some 500 miles apart but engaged in trade with each other and the Mesopotamians to the west.

Both cities eventually fell into decline, probably after the Indus River’s water level fell.

Question 42

Spanish Inquisition

Dates

Answer 42

1480-1530

With the cooperation of the Catholic Church, they announced the Spanish Inquisition, designed to root out Muslims and Jews. Under the command of Grand Inquisitor Tomás de Torquemada, the Spanish Inquisition burned some 2,000 suspected Muslims and Jews at the stake. Amongst their weaponry were such diverse elements as fear, surprise, ruthless efficiency, an almost fanatical devotion to the Pope, and nice red uniforms.

Question 43

Spanish Royal Marriage

Answer 43

1469

Question 44

Last Moorish city in Spain

Answer 44

Granada 1492

Question 45

John Wycliffe

Answer 45

John Wycliffe (1321-1384) was an English advocate for Catholic Church reforms. Contending that the Church should follow Scriptural law, Wycliffe denounced the extravagance of bishops, cardinals, and the Papacy, with whom lavish expenditures of wealth were commonplace. Wycliffe also translated the Bible into English so that the common people could understand God’s Word.

Question 46

Library of Alexandria

Answer 46

Founded by Alexander

Accidentally burned by Julius Caesar’s Egyptian campaign

Question 47

PENICILLIN

Date

Doctor

Anecdote

Answer 47

The discovery of penicillin, one of the world’s first antibiotics, marks a true turning point in human history — when doctors finally had a tool that could completely cure their patients of deadly infectious diseases.

Many school children can recite the basics. Penicillin was discovered in London in September of 1928. As the story goes, Dr. Alexander Fleming, the bacteriologist on duty at St. Mary’s Hospital, returned from a summer vacation in Scotland to find a messy lab bench and a good deal more.

Upon examining some colonies of Staphylococcus aureus, Dr. Fleming noted that a mold called Penicillium notatum had contaminated his Petri dishes. After carefully placing the dishes under his microscope, he was amazed to find that the mold prevented the normal growth of the staphylococci.

It took Fleming a few more weeks to grow enough of the persnickety mold so that he was able to confirm his findings. His conclusions turned out to be phenomenal: there was some factor in the Penicillium mold that not only inhibited the growth of the bacteria but, more important, might be harnessed to combat infectious diseases.

As Dr. Fleming famously wrote about that red-letter date: “When I woke up just after dawn on September 28, 1928, I certainly didn’t plan to revolutionize all medicine by discovering the world’s first antibiotic, or bacteria killer. But I guess that was exactly what I did.”

Fourteen years later, in March 1942, Anne Miller became the first civilian patient to be successfully treated with penicillin, lying near death at New Haven Hospital in Connecticut, after miscarrying and developing an infection that led to blood poisoning.

Question 48

Aryans

Answer 48

1700 BCE

Aryans arrive in the Indian subcontinent and quickly conquer the indigenous inhabitants. Although not much is known about the Aryans, they were polytheistic and most gods were connected in some way to the natural world. The Aryans’ collection of sacred writings was known as the Vedas, and reveal a patriarchal society with a strict hierarchy.

Question 49

Out of Africa

Date

Answer 49

The Out of Africa Thesis posits that Homo sapiens first arose in Africa and began migrating to other parts of the Earth approximately 125,000 years ago.

The Multiregional Thesis contends that Homo sapiens arose more or less simultaneously in different parts of the globe, and are descended from earlier pre-human groups that left Africa.

Question 50

Ghandi

Answer 50

1914-1947

India famous nonviolent protester.

was leader of the movement for Indian independence from Britain and a lifelong activist for many human rights and religious issues.

Question 51

Anglican Church

How similar to Catholic

Answer 51

Henry VIII was obsessed with the idea of having a son. When his wife Catherine of Aragon failed to give him one, he asked the Pope for a divorce. The Pope was under the control of Catherine’s nephew and denied the request. Henry banished Catherine, married Anne Boleyn (who he would later behead), and started the Anglican Church.

Although technically Protestant, the Anglican Church was far more similar to Catholicism than it was to Lutheranism or Calvinism.

Question 52

Ancient Greece

Dates

Answer 52

800 to 146 BCE

Ancient Greece roughly flourished from 800 - 146 BCE, when the Romans began their period of domination in Greece. Of note during this time was the Classical Period (during the 5th and 4th centuries B.C.), from which much of Western political, philosophical, scientific, literary, and artistic thought comes.

Question 53

Pompeii

Date

Answer 53

Pompeii When Mount Vesuvius erupted in 79 A.D., Pompeii was overcome with debris and ash, and approximately 2,000 citizens were killed.

Question 54

Bubonic Plague (Not the Black Plague)

Century

Answer 54

Bubonic plague traveled along the Road in the 500s, devastating the Gupta, Persian, and Eastern Roman empires.

Question 55

End of the Han Dynasty

Cause?

Date

Answer 55

184 CE Yellow Turban Revolt

The Yellow Turban Revolt was primarily composed of Daoists, who resented the control and abuses of powerful landlords. They started a period of revolution and unrest that would lead to the collapse of the Han Dynasty in 220.