HUMAN HISTORY - 1 CE - 1299 CE Flashcards

1
Q

ROMAN EMPIRE SPLIT

Date

Why did it split?

Was the Eastern Empire still Roman?

Was it one Empire or two?

A

285 CE

By 285 CE the Roman Empire had grown so vast that it was no longer feasible to govern all the provinces from the central seat of Rome. The Emperor Diocletian [DY] + [UH] + [KLEE] + [SHUHN] divided the empire into halves.

In the Eastern Roman Empire, although residents continued to call themselves Romans and use Roman law, the Empire was profoundly influenced by Greek ideals, from culture to language.

Both “Western Roman Empire” and “Eastern Roman Empire” (or “Byzantine Empire”) are modern terms however; at no point did the Romans consider the Empire split into two, but rather considered it a single state governed by two separate Imperial coequal courts out of administrative expediency, a system of government known as a diarchy.

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2
Q

EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE

three factors that gradually separated it from the western empire

A
  1. Centred on Constantinople rather than Rome
  2. Oriented towards Greek rather than Latin culture
  3. Characterised by Orthodox Christianity
Several signal events from the 4th to 6th centuries mark the period of transition during which the Roman Empire's Greek East and Latin West divided.
Constantine I (r. 324–337) reorganised the empire, made Constantinople the new capital, and legalised Christianity.
Under Theodosius I (r. 379–395), Christianity became the Empire's official state religion and other religious practices were proscribed.
Finally, under the reign of Heraclius (r. 610–641), the Empire's military and administration were restructured and adopted Greek for official use instead of Latin.

Thus, although the Roman state continued and Roman state traditions were maintained, modern historians distinguish Byzantium from ancient Rome insofar as it was centred on Constantinople, oriented towards Greek rather than Latin culture, and characterised by Orthodox Christianity.

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3
Q

FRANKS

Dates

Location

A

300 CE

The Franks were a GERMANIC tribe that conquered Gaul (modern-day France).

The Franks or the Frankish peoples were one of several west Germanic federations of tribes. Most of them lived at the northern borders of the Rhine. They entered the late Roman Empire from the north and east river bank of the Rhine into modern northern Belgium and southern Netherlands. Later invasions conquered and established a lasting kingdom in an area which eventually covered most of modern-day France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and the western regions of Germany.

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4
Q

CONSTANTINOPLE

Dates

A

The capital of Eastern Roman Empire in 330 CE (Rome divided in 285 CE)

Greek influence more than roman.

End: The Turks captured Constantinople in 1453, bringing an end to the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire.

Location: modern-day Istanbul)

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5
Q

CONSTANTINOPLE

Capital City of the Eastern Roman Empire

Split

Renaming

Sacking

A

(285 CE Roman Empire split by Emperor Diocletian)

330 CE Inauguration as the new capital of the Eastern Roman Empire by Emperor Constantine the Great. (Previously Diocletian chose the city of Nicomedia (modern day’s Izmit, Turkey)

1204 CE: Sack of Constantinople in the 4th Crusades by mutinous Catholic crusader armies.

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6
Q

ATTILA THE HUN

Dates

Achievements

A

Ruled 434-453

Attila was the ruler of the Huns in the 5th century. His Hunnic Empire overran much of eastern and central Europe, as Attila led his armies in a successful invasion of the Eastern Roman Empire. The Huns’ ventures into the Western Roman Empire (specifically into France and Italy) met with some success, but Attila died in 453.

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7
Q

THE MIDDLE AGES

Beginning

Characteristics

End

A

Beginning: 476 (Last Roman Emperor)

Characteristics: Political power throughout Europe was decentralized, with many small states and little political unity.

End: 1350-1500s - the rise of more modern nations. (Merges with the start of the Renaissance.)

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8
Q

ZEN

Dates

Form of?

Differences

A

500s CE

Emphasized meditation as a means of gaining enlightenment, as opposed to the mere knowledge and rote memorization of Buddhist teachings.

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9
Q

Sui and Tang Dynasty Giant Project

A

In the late 500s, the Sui Dynasty began construction on the Grand Canal, which linked China’s two major rivers, the Huang He and the Yangzi. The later Tang Dynasty expanded on the project. The completion of the Grand Canal highlights the Tang Dynasty’s emphasis on commerce. Under the Tang, silk production increased, the Silk Road continued to be a prominent highway for trade, and China’s fleet of trading junks (some of the world’s best ships) participated in the Indian Ocean trade network.

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10
Q

MUHAMMAD

Dates

Location

Ages when writing the Quran

A

b. 570 CE in Mecca, Saudi Arabia
d. 632 CE in Medina, Saudi Arabia

The founder of Islam. According to Islamic doctrine, he was a prophet and God’s messenger, sent to present and confirm the monotheistic teachings preached previously by Adam, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and other prophets. Muhammad united Arabia into a single Muslim polity and his teachings, practices, and the Quran form the basis of Islamic religious belief.

Periodically, he would seclude himself in a mountain cave named Hira for several nights of prayer; later, at age 40, he reported being visited by Gabriel in the cave, where he stated he received his first revelation from God. Three years later, in 610, Muhammad started preaching these revelations publicly, proclaiming that “God is One”, that complete “surrender” (lit. islām) to him is the right course of action. The revelations (each known as Ayah, lit. “Sign [of God]”), which Muhammad reported receiving until his death (age 62), form the verses of the Quran.

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11
Q

CHICHÉN ITZÁ

Dates

Location

Civilisation

A

600: city began

Location: Mexico, Yucatán peninsula

Civilisation: Mayan

1250: declined as a regional center.

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12
Q

QURAN

Dates

Translation

A

610-632

Translation: literally meaning “the recitation”

Muslims believe that the Quran was verbally revealed by God to Muhammad through the angel Gabriel gradually over a period of approximately 23 years, beginning on 22 December 609 CE, when Muhammad was 40, and concluding in 632, the year of his death aged 62.

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13
Q

THE VIKING AGE

dates

locations

ramifications for Europe

A

Earliest recorded Raids: 790s

The Vikings ranged as far south as Constantinople and North Africa, and even established kingdoms in Sicily.

The Vikings contributed to the rise of centralized nations in Europe as local forces coalesced to repel Viking raids.

1066: the Norman conquest of England

Commonly known as the Viking Age of Scandinavian history.

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14
Q

BATTLE OF TOURS

Date

Location

Significance

A

732 CE

Having already conquered Spain, the Umayyad Muslims began marching into France.

At this Battle, the Franks halted the Muslim advance. Spain became the furthest outreach of Islam and the remainder of Western Europe remained Catholic. [name of the battle]

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15
Q

CHARLEMAGNE or CHARLES THE GREAT

Dates

Significance

A

Ruled: 768 CE King of the Franks for 32 years from 768

He became the first Holy Roman Emperor in 800 when he allied the Empire with the Church. He united Western Europe for the first time since the fall of the Western Roman Empire three centuries earlier and laid the foundations for subsequent monarchies in both France and Germany.

d. 814 CE (72)

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16
Q

HEIAN PERIOD

Dates

Significance

A

794-1185 The Japanese capital was shifted from Nara to Heian to escape the influence of Nara’s Buddhist priesthood.

The move inaugurated what is known as the Heian Period and marked the high point of pre-modern Japanese history that lasted from 794 to 1185.

17
Q

HOLY ROMAN EMPERORS

A

The Holy Roman Emperor (historically Romanorum Imperator “Emperor of the Romans”) was the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire.

The title was almost without interruption held in conjunction with the rule of the Kingdom of Germany.

18
Q

FIRST CHINESE CITY TO ONE MILLION?

Dates

Location

Why?

A

In the 1000s CE, world’s largest urban population was the Song Empire; several cities in the Song had more than a million residents.

With the Song Dynasty’s emphasis on trade, Canton (Guangzhou), a port city on the Chinese coast, was one of the world’s largest cities and trading ports.

19
Q

Who was William the Conqueror?

Date

Invaded

Origins

A

In 1066, Normans led by William the Conqueror invaded England and established French-style feudalism.

The Normans were the descendants of Vikings who’d settled in northwestern France.

20
Q

NORMANS

Location

Origin

Famous Norman Conquest

A

The Normans were the descendants of Vikings who’d settled in northwestern France.

In 1066, Normans led by William the Conqueror invaded England and established French-style feudalism.

21
Q

FIRST CRUSADE

Dates

Reason

A

In 1095, claiming the Seljuk Turks were desecrating the Holy Land, the Byzantine Empire requested assistance from Pope Urban II and the European monarchs.

At the Council of Clermont, the Pope organized a military effort (termed a “Crusade”) to retake Jerusalem.

By the summer of 1099, Jerusalem had been retaken and its Muslim and Jewish inhabitants slaughtered.

In the First Crusade’s wake, four Christian kingdoms were established in the Middle East.

22
Q

CRUSADES IN THE HOLY LAND

Dates

Impact

A

Nine Crusades from 1095–1291

The two-century attempt to recover the Holy Land ended in failure. Morally ambiguous, during the First or “People’s” Crusade, thousands of Jews were murdered in what is now called the Rhineland massacres, and Constantinople was sacked during the Fourth Crusade.

However, the Crusades had a profound impact on Western civilisation: they reopened the Mediterranean to commerce and travel (enabling Genoa and Venice to flourish); they consolidated the collective identity of the Latin Church under papal leadership and reinforced the connection between Western Christendom, feudalism, and militarism.

23
Q

THE INCAS

Dates

Location

Significance

A

1200s A large empire that stretched along the Andes Mountains and was the largest pre-Columbian empire, spread by conquest and peaceful assimilation

Large Inca cities, such as Machu Picchu and Cusco, were connected by an elaborate road network. monumental architecture, especially stonework, finely-woven textiles, use of knotted strings for record keeping and communication, agricultural innovations in a difficult environment, and organization of its people. Had no writing, no iron and steel, no wheel or draft animals. using conquest and peaceful assimilation

1533: Spanish Conquistadors

24
Q

SACK OF CONSTANTINOPLE

Date

Two Significant Future Ramifications for Europe

A

1204 CE

  1. Greatly exacerbated the schism between Catholic and Orthodox.
  2. Facilitated the expansion of Islam into Europe.

[1. The sack of Constantinople is a major turning point in medieval history. The Crusaders’ decision to attack the world’s largest Christian city was unprecedented and immediately controversial, even among contemporaries. Reports of Crusader looting and brutality scandalised and horrified the Orthodox world; relations between the Catholic and Orthodox churches were catastrophically wounded for many centuries afterwards, and would not be substantially repaired until modern times.

  1. The Byzantine Empire was left much poorer, smaller, and ultimately less able to defend itself against the Turkish conquests that followed; the actions of the Crusaders thus directly accelerated the collapse of Christendom in the east, and in the long run facilitated the expansion of Islam into Europe.]
25
Q

CONSTANTINOPLE

The Capital City of the Latin Empire

Why was it “Liberated”?

A

1204: The sacking of Constantinople

The Latin Empire, known to the Byzantines as the Latin Occupation, was a feudal Crusader state founded by the leaders of the Fourth Crusade on lands captured from the Byzantine Empire. It was established after the capture of Constantinople in 1204 and lasted until 1261. The Latin Empire was intended to supplant the Byzantine Empire as the titular Roman Empire in the east, with a Western Roman Catholic emperor enthroned in place of the Eastern Orthodox Roman emperors.

1261: Liberation from the Latin Empire by the Byzantines (Greek Orthodox)

26
Q

GHENGIS KHAN

Dates

Significance

A

In 1206 he united the Mongols into a unified group, reorganized the Mongol armies and led them on a campaign of military conquest throughout Eurasia.

By 1260, the Mongol territory would stretch from Ukraine to Korea and included the Middle East, China, and Annam (modern-day Vietnam).

27
Q

THE MAGNA CARTER

Year

King

Significance

Further Developments

A

1215 AD

King John of England

The Magna Carta extended rights to the English nobles such as trial by jury and due process under law and acted as a check on the power of the King.

In the later 1200s, English nobles gained the right to form a Parliament, which would pass laws to govern England.

28
Q

CONSTANTINOPLE

The Capital City of the Byzantine Empire after its Liberation

Fell to?

A

1261: Liberation from the Latin Empire (The Byzantine Empire still considered themselves the Eastern Roman Empire and the Italians not to be.)
1453: Fell to the Ottoman Turks under Mehmed the Conqueror.

29
Q

OTTOMAN EMPIRE

Dates

Who founded it

Where from

Etymology of Ottoman

A

CE 1299

The term Ottoman is a dynastic appellation derived from Osman I, the chief of the nomadic Turkmen from Turkmenistan, (land of the Turkmen) who founded both the dynasty and the empire.

His grandfather had fled from the Mongols with his tribe from Turkmenistan to Anatolia.

Ended 1923

30
Q

MONGOLS

CONQUESTS

by 1240

between 1240-1242

A

The Mongols took over most of Russia and the Ukraine by 1240, and between 1240 and 1242 they attacked Bulgaria, Romania, and Hungary, taking over large swaths of land. They finally overextended themselves when they invaded Poland and Germany, and gradually the tide of Mongol conquest in Europe began to recede. For two centuries, however, Russia and the Ukraine would remain under Mongol control.

31
Q

MONGOL CONQUESTS

1250s

where, who

1260

where, who, what

A

1250s: the Mongols attacked the Middle East. They destroyed the Abbasid Caliphate.
1260: They were finally turned back by a Mamluke army north of Jerusalem

32
Q

MONGOLs 1260

what happened

famous name

A

In 1260, the Mongol Empire was at the height of its power. The Mongol territory now stretched from the Ukraine to Korea and included the Middle East, China, and Annam.

During a dynastic struggle, civil war broke out. The Mongol Empire was divided into four units. As the most powerful, Kublai Khan, the most famous of the leaders of the four units, took control of China and Mongolia.