Human growth and development Flashcards

Question

weight gain

Answer 1

doubles by 6 mos, triples by 1 year, quardruples by 2 yrs; 5-7 oz/150-210g per week during first 6 mos, 12-20oz per month (6-12mos), 8-9oz per month in second year

Answer 2

increases by 50% by 1 year, doubles by 1 year, triples by 13 years. increase by 1 in per month (0-6 mos), 0.5in ( per mos 6-12mos)

Answer 3

increases 0.5in. per mos (0-6 mos), 0.3in (6-12 mos)

Answer 4

-close during 1st year of life: posterior closes 6-8 weeks anterior closes 12-18 mos

Answer 5

formation begins in the third fetal month and continues through adolescence

Answer 6

breathing, hiccups, sneezes, spitting up, suck/swallow/breath, temperature control (shiver, cry, tucking legs), feeding ( sucking, rooting, crying, swallowing)

Answer 7

babinski, stepping, swimming, grasping, moro, startle

Answer 8

strongest by 1-2 mos, disappears by 3 mos

Answer 9

disappears after 8 mos

Answer 10

disappears by 6 mos

Answer 11

disappears before voluntary walking

Answer 12

diminishes by 3-4 mos, disappears by 6 mos

Answer 13

blink and pupil constriction to light are indication of vision, can focus 4-30 inches away, binocular vision develops between 4-6 mos, 20/150-20/400 newborn; 20/70 by 2 years, 20/30 by 5 years

Answer 14

infants have great auditory acuity for high frequency sounds, "motherese"

Answer 15

1-4 mos, adaptions of reflexes to the environment through coordination of two actions (like seeing and grasping)

Answer 16

4-8 mos, increased awareness of objects, persons, and expected responses

Answer 17

8-12 months, object permanence- people and objects exist with out of sight

Answer 18

12-18 mos, active exploration and trial/error learning

Answer 19

18-24 mos, ability to problem solve simple situations without trial and error

Answer 20

in response to a person begins around 6 weeks

Answer 21

begins around 6 months and peaks at 12mos

Answer 22

begins between 8-9 moos, peaks at 14 mos

Answer 23

coos, vocalizes pleasure/displeasure sounds differently, makes noises when talked to

Answer 24

understands "no", babbles, says mama/dada without meaning, tries to communicate by actions or gestures, tries to repeat sounds, says 1st word

Answer 25

answers simple questions nonverbally, says 2-3 words to label person or object, imitates simple words, vocal of 4-6 words

Answer 26

vocal of 50 words, asks for common food by name, makes animal sounds, combines words like more milk, beginning to use pronouns like mine, uses 2 word phrases

Answer 27

slower growth, about 3 inches per year, 4 lbs better control and coordination symbolic thinking, increased language development

Answer 28

pre conceptual: 2-4 years

Answer 29

birth- 2 years.,

Answer 30

lift and turns head lying prone turns had to her or see something random movements become more purposeful bring hands to mouth grasp reflex

Answer 31

moves arm to reach and sweep, grasps object voluntarily, plays with hands/feet, watches/plays with toys at midline, transfers toys hand to hand, when prone- lifts head and chest with weight on hands holds head upright and steady rolls from stomach to back and vice versa

Answer 32

uses index finger to poke hold object in each hand- plays with each transfere hand to hand pivots on stomach pulls hands/knees sits unassisted and plays with toys

Answer 33

picks things up with pincher grasp drops and picks up toys creeps pulls to stand stands without support walks with support independent steps uses both hands together to play

Answer 34

walks alone begins to walk sideways/backwards comes to standing without support crawls up and down stairs picks up small objects stacks one object on top of another puts objects in and dumps out pulls apart objects fits single puzzle pieces scribbles

Answer 35

walks well, runs, steps up, squats down, walks on tiptoes, walks up stairs with alternating foot with hand on rail same step foot placement walking down, jumps 2 inches off ground, Stands on one leg 1-3 sec, kicks ball, throw underhand, learning to catch, stacks more than one object (blocks) strings large beads imitates drawing horizontal lines or circular scribble

Answer 36

stand on 1 foot for 10 sec tiptoes for 8 sec hops forward for 5 hops (one foot) walks on line backwards forward somersault gallops/skips forward walks up/down stairs alternating steps without wall catches tennis ball cuts on line continuously copes a cross and square prints some letters

Answer 37

skips and maintains balance/rhythm apps froward 20 ft without loosing balance jumps rope walks on balance beam jumps herders 10 in high, 2 footed take off jumps sideways back an forth cuts out simple shapes copies triangle and prints name colors within lines mature grasp of pencil handedness well established

Answer 38

symbolic thinking and increase language development: preoperational thinking 2-4 yrs; intuitive 2-7yrs (piaget); egocentrism, animism (everthing animate or inanimate thinks and feels the way preschooler does); difficulty distinguing fact from fantasy (normative "lying", nightmares, imaginary friends, feel responsible for good or bad things happening based o now thoughts, feelings, behaviors)

Answer 39

Puberty is considered delayed when a female 13 years old or older has no clinical features of puberty on physical examination, or if puberty has not progressed within a timely basis (14 years old or older in males). However, this patient is at a Tanner stage 5 (fully developed); thus, she does not have delayed puberty, but rather, amenorrhea. Amenorrhea is classified as primary (no menstruation) or secondary (menstruation began and then stopped). Primary amenorrhea describes the failure to have a period within 3 years of breast development or by age 15. Secondary amenorrhea is no menstrual periods for three menstrual cycles (90 days), or the absence of menstrual periods for at least 6 months in women who have had at least one period but do not have regular cycles. A careful history, physical exam, and pregnancy testing are the first steps in the evaluation of all cases of amenorrhea.

Answer 40

up to 425 word vocabulary with 75% speech understandable at 2 yrs; 4-5 words sentences at 3 yrs, carries out 2-3 item commands (3yrs), understands opposites (4yrs), understands "if" "because" and "when" (5 yrs)

Answer 41

firm limits but opportunity for dialogue, high expectations, high support, high parent-child communication, best outcomes

Answer 42

common form of aggression among preschool, focused on retrieving an object, space or privilege, decreases with understanding of sharing

Answer 43

solitary play, little awareness of other children

Answer 44

onlooker play, curious watching of others playing, parallel play with minimal interaction

Answer 45

more social; associative play- some interaction and sharing, not organized or consistent, cooperative= taking turns, activity playing together, dramatic/pretend play- make believe, playing house, rough/tumble- physical, appears aggressive

Answer 46

2 yrs: can distinguish gender, id as girl or boy 3-4: show sex typed preference, id is firmly established, not likely to change 5-6: express notions about how male/female should dress, feel/behave

Answer 47

average 5 lbs and 2 inches per year

Answer 48

concrete operational thinking (Piaget); reversibility in lath, conservation, classification, seriation- arranging item in series by things like increasing size

Answer 49

Average US female: 38 lbs and 9 inches (10-14yrs) US male: 42 lbs and 9 inches (12-16yrs)

Answer 50

girls: starts before 8 yrs boys: before 9yrs

Answer 51

girls: starts after 13 years boys: after 14 years

Answer 52

onset: girls: 9-10 boys: 11-2 first physical sign: girls- breast buds boys testicular growth peak velocity: girls: 12.4 yrs boys: 14.4 yrs menarche: 12.5 yrs spermarche: 13-14 Fertility boys and girls; 15

Answer 53

Tanner 1; preadolescent without pubic hair tanner 2: sparse, pale, fine pubic hair tanner 3: darker, more curled, increase amt tanner 4: hair is adult in character, doesn't cover entire area tanner 5: adult distribution

Answer 54

Tanner 1; preadolescent testes, scrotum, penis without pubic hair tanner 2: enlargment of scrotum and testes, scxrotum reddens and roughens, sparse hair tanner 3: penis enlarges primarily in length, increased amt of hair, darker and more curled tanner 4: penis enlarges in breath and development of glans, hair is adult in character, doesn't cover entire area tanner 5: adult size and shape

Answer 55

a continuous process of periodic assessment and monitoring of growth and development over time through direct observation, health history, parent/child interaction, physical exam

Answer 56

use of standardized or generally accepted methods with well populations in order to identify individuals at risk for abnormality and warrant further assessment

Answer 57

more symptomatic evaluation using a standardized or accepted method leading to recommendations for intervention

Answer 58

proportion of those with the abnormality who are correctly identified through screening (true positives)

Answer 59

proportion of this without the abnormality who are correctly id as negative through screening (true neg)

Answer 60

proportion of this correctly screened positive of all tho actually have the abnormality

Answer 61

assessment of newborns behavioral capacities: state control, autonomic reactivity, reflexes, habituation, and responsiveness to visual and auditory stimuli

Answer 62

screens basic neurological receptive, expressive, and cognitive functions in infants 3-24mos

Answer 63

current gold standard for diagnosing developmental delays and recommending intervention for children birth through 42 mos with separate mental, motor and behavioral rating scales

Answer 64

screens in personal-social, fine motor adaptive, language, and gross motor domains (birth- 6 years)

Answer 65

Clinical Linguistic and Auditory Milestone Test (CLAMS: 0-36 mos) ELM: early language milestones scale REEL: receptive and expressive emergent language scale (0-36 mos) MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory

Answer 66

Achenbach Connors abbreviated Parent/Teacher questionairre

Answer 67

DSM-5: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Answer 68

A continuous process of periodic asesssment and monitoring growth and devel. over time through a variety of methods (direct observation, health history, parent child interaction, physical exam)

Answer 69

use of standardized or generally accepted methods with well populations in order to identiy indiviulas who may be at risk fo rphysical, cognitive, mor psychocosil abnormality and warrant further assessment (tools are simple, inexpensive, valid/reliable)

Answer 70

More systematic evaluation using a standardized or accepted method leading to recommendations for intervention

Answer 71

proportion of thos with the abnormality who are correctly identified through screening (true positives)

Answer 72

proportion of those without the abnormality who are correctly identified as negative through screening (true negative)

Answer 73

theoretical construct that attempts to explain why people engage in healthier behavior.

Answer 74

Evolutionary life history theories explain how the family environment affects family conflict and child development. These theories hold that behaviors are intrinsic, and that the genetic influences on behavior are largely driven by the biologic imperative to reproduce.

Answer 75

Parent development theory asserts that the parenting role begins in childhood, evolving over time, and is influenced by personal experience, social norms, the health of the parent-child relationship, family dynamics, and the child's individual characteristics.

Answer 76

Family systems theory is a theory of human behavior that views the family as an emotional unit, and uses systems thinking to describe the complex interactions in the unit. It is the nature of a family that its members are intensely connected emotionally. An individual's emotional dysfunction has a profound impact on the overall health of the family unit.

Answer 77

Prone and side-sleeping positions (supine is recommended) Small for gestational age (SGA) or low birth weight infant Prematurity Young maternal age High parity Maternal smoking and illicit drug use Co-sleeping

Answer 78

Vitamin B12 is essential for neurologic function, adequate red blood cell formation, and DNA synthesis. SX: megaloblastic anemia, sore tongue, weakness, and neurological deficits. - associated with the build-up of homocysteine, due to the failure of precursor B-12 dependent conversion enzymes.

Answer 79

6 years: In most children, the permanent teeth begin erupting when they reach school age (about 6 years old), and the jaws begin to grow.

Answer 80

The shedding and replacement of the primary molars by permanent premolars is usually complete around the fifth grade, or by 12 years old. The total period of permanent tooth eruption (except for the third molars) spans about 6 years in most children.

Answer 81

vegetarian diets (especially vegan diets) may be deficient in some nutrients, specifically protein, vitamin B12, zinc, iron, and vitamin D. Bioavailable vitamins B12 only in animal based foods

Answer 82

Normal developmental crying: that typically starts at about 2 weeks old, peaks between 3 and 5 weeks old, and may last until 5 months of age. P: Peak of crying U: Unexpected R: Resists soothing P: Pain-like face L: Long-lasting E: Evening

Answer 83

Normal newborn infants lose 5% to 10% of their birth weight in their first few days of life.