diabetes Flashcards
diabetes testing
Annual screening for microalbuminuria with random spot urine sample for microalbumin to creatinine ratio is indicated for children 2 years, or older, and who have had diabetes for more than 5 years. Normal values are below 3.5.
Type 1 diabetes testing
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is caused by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells thought to be triggered by a preceding environmental event in genetically susceptible individuals. The destroyed beta cells result in deficient insulin secretion, reduced biologic effectiveness, or both. Glucose levels then become elevated in the blood, and as a result, diabetes ensues.
Polyuria and urinary incontinence can be the first symptoms of diabetes mellitus and are secondary to hyperglycemia and the osmotic diuresis resulting from chronic glycosuria. Urine testing (for glucose and ketones) and blood glucose measurements are generally sufficient to make the diagnosis.
Type 2 diabetes testing
Diagnostic studies for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) include urine testing and fasting blood sample for blood glucose, HbA1c, lipid panel, TSH and free T4, and insulin level.
Children and adolescents with a BMI greater than the 85th percentile for age and gender (indicating obesity) should be screened for a number of comorbidities: prediabetes and type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia with fasting lipid panel, AST and ALT levels, blood pressure measurement, obstructive sleep apnea, and PCOS, along with a free and total testosterone level.
