human growth and dev Flashcards
freud’s stages
oral (0 yr-1; attachment and bonding), anal, phallic, latency (sexually least emphasized), genital
erik erikson’s 8 stages
trust v mistrust (0-1yr; trust that basic needs will be met)
autonomy v. shame/doubt (1-3 yr; develop a sense of independence)
initiative v. guilt (3-6 yr; take initiative in activities)
industry v. inferiority (7-11 yr; develop self-confidence in abilities when competent)
identity v. role confusion (12-18 yr; experiment with and develop identity/role)
intimacy v. isolation (19-29 yr; establish intimacy and relationship with others)
generativity v stagnation/self absorption (30-64 yr; contribute to society and be part of a family)
- mid life crisis-gereativity=ability to be productive and happy outside oneself)
integrity v despair (65+; integrity=life has been worthwhile)
piaget stages (cognitive dev theory)
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational (masters conservation and reversibility), formal operational
piaget’s research
informal, utilizing games and his own children, didnt consider himself an educator, structuralist who believed stage changes are qualitative
id definition
pleasure principle and animalistic instincts
ego definition
reality principle
superego definition
conscience
radical behaviorism
“if it can’t be measured, then it doesn’t exist”
constructive model of dev
individuals construct reality throughout the lifespan
idiographic
examine individuals to develop theories
nomothetic
study groups to generate principles
alfred binet
first intelligence test
t-test
determines if 2 groups have significantly different means
conservation definition
weight, mass, volume remain same as shape changes
reversibility definition
actions can be undone, objects can return to original shape
symbolic schema
cognitive structure that grows with life experience
lev vygotsky
development happens through education and zone of prox dev
lawrence kohlberg
moral development through stories
kohlbergs 3 levels of morality
preconventional/premoral (respond to consequences, reward and punishment)
conventional/morality of conventional rules (ind wants to meet standards of family, society, nation)
postconventional (self-accepted and imposed morality created by self)
john watson
father of american behaviorism
epigenetic definition
each stage develops from the one before it
egocentrism definition
child cannot view the world from another vantage point
heinz dillema
stolen drugs to save sick wife dilemma
carl jung
father of analytic psychology
People strive for individuation or a sense of fulfillment.
Men operate under logic or logos principle and women operate under intuitive or eros principle
Mandalas: drawings balanced around center point to analyze himself, clients, dreams
Terms of introversion (turning in of libido, seeks pleasure from themself) and extroversion (tendency to find satisfaction and pleasure in other people.
Myers briggs test based on volume 6 of Psychological types 1920s
anima=feminine side;
animus=masculine side
archetypes=collective unconscious common to all men and women, passed from generation to generation; common archetypes: shadow, animus/anima, self, persona
Persona: mask or role we present to others to hide our true self
Shadow: mask behind the persona, which contains id-like material, denied, yet desired, dark side of personality, everything an individual refused to acknowledge; nature of the shadow is present when a person engages in projection
RS definition
religious and spiritual
positive psychology
coined by Maslow, popularized by seligman, study of human strengths (learned helplessness)
alfred adler
founder of individual psychology, organ inferiority; organ inferiority, very sickly child, emphasized drive for superiority, believed that major factor in motivation was will to power (before he believed aggression was what drive human behavior). Also pioneer in the early history of family therapy. Ended believing striving for superiority. Believed that sibling interaction could be more important than parent-child interaction (learned this through observing childrens behavior directly which freud never did). Emphasized people wish to belong=”social connectedness”; utilized paradox strategy. Stressed importance of birth order in family constellation: 1st borns please parents, 2nd competes with 1st, middle feels is treated unfairly, male children manipulative, youngest can be spoiled and good at modeling other childrens’ behavior. Adlerians are didactic and use homework assignments. Believed people are basically good and that much of behavior is determined by birth order.
counterconditioning
behaviorist technique-weaken or eliminate a learned response by pairing it with a stronger or more desirable response-systematic desensitization
zone of proximal development
difference of performance independently or with a more developed peer
maturation hypothesis/theory
behavior is guided exclusively by hereditary factors but certain behaviors will not manifest unless a certain environmental factor is present
Bowlby
bonding and attachment
object loss-severed attachment, protest>despair>detachement
conduct disorders result from inadequate attachment
mothers should be primary caretakers
arnold gesell
maturationist, one-time mirror
margaret mahler
symbiosis=dependence on ffemale attachmet figure
seperation
individual theory of child development
Harlow
attachment is innate not learned, monkeys, “contact comfort” is imprtant
rene spitz
anaclitic depression-confirmed what Harlow learned in monkeys by studying kids in institutions
maccoby and jacklin
sex role differences come from child rearing patterns rather than body chemistry
characteristics of early adolescence
conformity peaks
suicidality in adolescence by gender
males die by suicide more often, females attempt more often, rates increase with age (12/100,000 overall rate in us)
stanley coopersmith
self esteem and child rearing
skinner
behavioristic psychology-ABA-nurture (not nature); Did not believe punishment was affective (induces aggression)->positive measures more effective. When punishment is used it doesn cause a person to unlearn their behavior
Believed humans are like other animals; mechanistic and controlled via environmental stimuli and reinforcement contingencies; not good or bad; no self-determination or freedom
preoperational stage (piaget)
2-7 yrs, child speaking in multi word sentences, expands his or her imagination, engages in symbolic play, begins to possess a relative sense of time
Eros & Thanatos theory (Freud)
Eros is the instinct or drive for love, creativity, sexuality, and species preservation. Thanatos is the drive for aggression, destruction, death.
manifest content
literal subject matter of a dream (Freud)
latent content
underlying meaning of dream matter/symbols (Freud)
ego psychology
school of psychoanalysis rooted in Freud’s id-ego-superego model of the mind
behaviorism
theory that human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of conditioning & that mental conditions are best treated through changing behavioral patterns. not always recommended in multicultural counseling because not all cultures value assertiveness. baseline is term that indicates frequency behavior is manifested prior to treatment. Do not believe in the concept of symptom substitution, they do strive for symptom reduction.
Jay Haley
was one of the founding figures of strategic family therapy (was alive 1923-2007)
Milton Erickson
developed brief therapy
systematic desensitization
a treatment (usually for phobias) in which the patient is exposed to progressively more anxiety-provoking stimuli and taught relaxation techniques
Arnold Lazarus
originator of multimodal therapy (humans are biological beings that think, feel, act, sense, imagine and interact)
BASIC-ID (behavior, affective responses, sensations, imagery, cognitions, interpersonal relationships, drugs), multimodal therapy
Worked closely with Joseph Wolpe and has a strong behavioral treatment slant.
multimodal therapy
intended to optimize treatment (making it quicker & more effective) by delivering multiple types of therapy (i.e. pharmacotherapy, behavioral therapy, etc.) at the same time. originated by Arnold Lazarus
Robert Perry (adult cognitive development stages)
dualism, multiplicity, relativism, commitment/constructed knowledge
Robert Kegan orders of the mind
1) impulsive mind, 2) instrumental mind, 3) socialized mind, 4) self-authoring mind, 5) self-transforming mind
Harry Stack Sullivan
developed a theory of psychiatry based on interpersonal relationships
DBT
dialectical behavior therapy - developed by Marsha Linehan. Based on cognitive behavior therapy, with adaptations made to include mindfulness and acceptance strategies. Originally developed to treat individuals with borderline personality disorder.
Daniel Levinson (theory of adulthood)
adulthood is made up of alternating periods of stability and transition
sensorimotor stage
Piaget- object permanence, reflexes play greatest role in this stage, practical intelligence, birth to 2 years, schema of permanence
preoperational stage
Piaget- centration (focusing on the key feature of a given object and not noticing the rest), egocentrism (the childs inability to see the world from another point of view), includes the acquisition of a symbolic schema
concrete operational
Piaget- masters conservation & reversibility
formal operational
Piaget- child can think in terms of multiple hypothesis, problems can be solved using deduction, abstract thinking emerges, begins at age 12, children learn best from their own actions
BASIC-ID
Arnold Lazarus - BASIC-ID (behavior, affective responses, sensations, imagery, cognitions, interpersonal relationships, drugs)
Robert Kegan lifespan development
6 stages - incorporative, impulsive, imperial, interpersonal, institutional, interindividual
Robert Kegan holding environment
Holding environment in counseling=client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction
Lawrence Kohlberg stages
Six stages
1: punishment/obedience
2: naive hedonism/intrumental or egotistical orientation
3: good boy/good girl orientation
4: authority, law and order orientation
5:democratically accepted law or social contract
6: principles of self conscience and universal ethics
Anima & Animus
Jung - anima=represents female characteristics and animus=represents male characteristics (archetypes that are inherited, unconscious factors)
daniel levinson
studied white collar/blue collar men for adult dev transitions, discovered dev among this population is relatively universal. developed theory of midlife crisis (does not hold water now)
levinsons stages of life…
early adult (17-22) leaves family and dreams of ideal life; age 30 (28-33) making dream reality; settling down period (33-40); midlife transition (40-45) stressful and person questions dream and goals; later adulthood (60-65) makes peace with world
freuds oedipus stage
occurs during phallic stage, is stage in which fantasies of sex relations with opposite sex parent occurs
elenor gibson
associated with research on visual cliff during which she found that by approx 8 months, the child develops depth perception
empiricists
john locke, associationism, experience is the source for acquiring knowledge, scientists can learn only from objective fact, forerunner of behaviorism, behavioristic is directly related
organismic/organism
gestalt, kurt goldstein, emphasize holistic model, developmental strides are qualitative
representational thought
needed to master object constancy, when a child can link symbols and objects
fixation
being stuck in a psychosexual stage usually die to trauma, mostly used in psychoanalytic theory
ethology
psychological field research using animals, research on aimals that is generalized to humans (comparitive psychology)
lorenz
studied imprinting in animals which illustrated the idea of “critical periods”. aggresivness is part of our evolution because part of survival and we need to get anger out, instincts are species-specific
havinhurst and his stages
developmental tasks proposed for infancy and early childhood (walking and solid food), middle childhood (getting along with peers, developing a concience), adolescence (preparing for marriage and an economic career), early adulthood (selecting a mate), middle age (assisting teenage children to become responsible adults and developing leisure//compared with Erikson’s generativity stage), and then laterage (dealing with death of spouse and adjusting to retirement)
jane loveinger
ego development (7 stages and 2 transitions); highest level is integrated stage which is similar to maslow and kohlberg’s highest levels
negative reinforcement v positive reinforcement
removal of a stimulus to increase behavior; addition of stimulus to increase behavior (different from punishment which would be adding something negative to decrease behavior
primal scene
child witnessing parents during intercourse leads to neuroses
preconcious psychic process
deeper than the conscious but not as deep as the unconcious
frank parsons
popularized and fueled guidance and school counseling in secondary schools starting in 1900s, called “father of guidance”, set up centers to help ppl find jobs. first pioneer to focus heavily on sociocultural issues
elementary school counseling
mandatory in 1980s, slow dev of elementary school counseling=teachers could double as counselors, counselors is for vocational issues, and there are already counseling in high school so they have it then
middle school counseling
more recent development than elementary
gail sheehy
both men and women experience typical crisis also known as passages and one can use the passage to reach potential
albert ellis
rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) which teaches ppl to be more rational with emotions or think in a more scientific/logical manner. i.e. ellis does not believe that frustration causes aggression, but that this belief is instead a client’s irrational thought process (rather than an innate response pattern).
Also considered father of CBT. his belief is that no matter how bad life seems, your belief system can affect your emotions and you can create your own present emotional and behavioral difficulties. Known for work in sexology (study of sexual disorders).people have a cultural/biological propensity to think in a disturbed manner but can be taught ot use their capacity to react differently.
learned helplessness
when someone is exposed to a situation where they are powerless and then they believe they have no control in their life and become easily depressed, associated with work of positive psychology pioneer martin seligman
risky shift phenomenon
groups decision is typically more liberal decision than independent participation in group
eric berne
father of transactional analysis put freudian theory in parent-ego state (parent ego has our shoulds and musts which guide our morality) stressed process of contracting, praised for illuminating cultural and ethnic injunctions, but his theory comes with tricky lingo/jargon
parent ego state= likened to freuds superego (nurturing, caretakers, helping child develop develop nurturing parent qualities of nonjudgementalness and sympathy), can also be filled with critical and prejudicial messages (making child bossy, intimidating); incomplete parent (when caretaker leaves or dies at child’s early age, so adult child wil expect others to take care of them throughout life or explain life problems as lack of parenting excuse). Incorporate gestalt therapy because it is experiential and is complementary to TA. CHild ego state (natural=spontaneous, untrainined, adapted= how to comply to avoid parental slap or little professor=creative and intuitive). Child state sometimes called the archaeopsyche and likened to freuds id.
maslow
humanisitic psychologist; person needs to first satisy basic needs, then safety and security, then affection + belonging and highest level is self actualization, “hierarchy of needs”; metaneed=anything above basics and safety, researched with ppl he called
psychology of the average
work with those who have transcende the so-called average or normal existence; maslow term
genetic or hereditary condiitons
downs syndrome( chromosomal abnormality on 21, results in low iqq and specific physical attributes), PKU (metabolic difficulty causes intellectual or physical disabilities), klinefelters syndrome (extra y in male, slightly lower iq, may be infertile), turners syndrome (female has no sex hormones or gonads), hemophiilia (blood coagulation dysfunctional), sickle cell anemia
equilibration
act of taking in new information as assimilation (balancing what you already know with a new thing that modifies what you already know)
balance theory
individuals avoid inconsistent or incompatible beliefs
if you like your counselor your tendency to accept a suggestion would be balanced (i..e consistent with your opinion)
ABA design
a is baseline, b is treatment, a is when you measure to see if the treatment changes the baseline
maturational viewpoint
plant growth analogy; mind is driven by instincts, environment provides nourishment and if you dont get enough there will be limits on development; counselors who work from this allow clients to work through early conflicts
fixed action patterns
will result when a releaser in the environment is present
Early vocalization in infants
universal sounds, first word usually after one year, 1-2 word phrases (“holophrases”), language is egocentric to start
transactional analysis
messages learned about the self in childhood determine whether someone is good or bad, though intervention can change this script.
