group counseling and group work Flashcards
prior to 1960s
most counseling took place in dyad. family therapy and behavior therapy was not evident in 1950s
a group has..
membership which can be define, some degree of unity and interaction and a shared purpose; approx as effective as ind work
group therapy term
coined by jacob moreno, father of psychodrama by observing catharsis experienced by people involved in theater. morenos ‘theory of spontaneity’ beagn to be discussed in lit in 1920s
joseph pratt
boston physician who formed early counseling group starting in 1905, dealing with issues of tb
first mutual aid self help group
aa, 1935, bill wilson, bob smith
1940s 2 ors for group therapy
american society for group psychotherapy and psychoddrama (asgpp) and american group psychotherapy association (agpa)
adler and jess davis
classified as prefacing group movement. jesse davis is pioneer in school guidance counseling. adler did group in child guidance facilities
classifications (primary…etc.)
Primary groups are preventative and attempt to ward off problems. Stress healthy lifestyle. Attempt to stop problems before they occur.
Secondary - Problems are present but not very severe. WOrk to stop or reduce severity of problem.
Tertiary - Work with more individual difficulties that are more serious and longstanding.
group norms
govern acceptable behavior and group rules. Norms refer to “expected behaviors”. Can be explicit and implicit rules for how to behave. All groups have norms.
increase in group therapy due to
shortage of ind therapists during/after wwII
group content
refers to material discussed in group setting; the ‘what’ of the group
group process
refers to manner in which discussions and transactions occur. the ‘how of the group’
t group
training group-first conducted in 1946. used to process personnel interactions
group cohesiveness
forces which tend to bind roup members together Term associated with Kurt Lewin’s “field theory” in which cohesiveness is seen as binding force among members. Low cohesiveness = fragmented.
group therapy v group counseling
group therapy also dubbed as personality reconstruction group, is of longer duration than group counseling.
gazdas 3 types of groups
Guidance - primary group, affective education or psycho-ed
Counseling - secondary group, problem is more severe and more individual and of longer duration than guidance group. Focus primarily on conscious concerns. Has less structure than a guidance group. Leader usually needs more training than leader of guidance group.
Psychotherapy - commonly used with inpatient, residential, for patients with in-depth psychological problems. Tertiary. May emphasize the role of the unconscious mind and childhood experiences more than the counseling group.
structured group activities
tructured exercises are less effective than unstructured techniques; assignment for group members. Excessive use of this can cause reliance on leader. Yalom says this can lead to groups passing over important group stages.
disadvantage of group work
Individual issues are not properly examined, especially if the leader is process-oriented.
risky shift phenomenon
a group decision will be less conservative than the average group member’s decision. Dispels assumption that groups are more conservative than average individual.
group polarity/group polarization
predicts a persons views may become more extreme when they participate in a group (i.e. q anon!)
t groups
training groups, focus on human relations in a business setting, aka “lab training groups” short-term t group=’micro lab’
nosology
classification of disease (similar to taxanomy=calssification of living things)
assertiveness training groups
most are behavioristic and highly structured
Nondirective groups=psychodynamic groups and existentialist groups (fewer exercises and unstructured)
self help group
aka ‘mutual aid group’ for people attempting to cope with a given issue. Not always led by a prof. Very popular. Mostly voluntary. Diff than support where org will conduct or group will charge fee. Sometimes terms are used interchangeable
marathon group
one long group, plays on one theme for extended period of time. Defenses and facades will drop and ppl become more genuine. Lasts min of 24 hours and can be conducted over a weekend or a period of several days. Created by stoller and bach in 1960s.
yalom
main factor in selecting participants for group is that members can feel cohesive.
research indicated
High denial, low intelligence and low motivation are associated with premature termination.
group composition
homogeneity in terms of intelligence and level of development is important (Esp for childrens groups); people who wear similar clothes might sit next to each other.
universality
sometimes used interchangeably with mutuality. ‘We are not the only ones in the world with a given problem’
3 leadership styles study:
classic study conducted 1939: lewin, lippit, white; demonstrated that leadership styles do make difference. Children met with adult in each of 3 ways (democratic, autocratic and lassez faire-leadership styles). Children displayed best behavior when treated in democratic and aggressively in response to other 2 styles. No conducted in counseling group but school group (so may not apply to counseling groups)
charismatic leadership style
leader uses personal charisma to foster participation
other leaders
impersonal (distant but aggressive), energizers (emotionally stimulate group members), managers (leaders that exert executive control), providers (high in caring)
effective leaders
modeling appropriate behaviors improved group participation even in the face of resistant members.
sam gladding
called democratic style=facilitator
co-leadership
helps reduce burnout and ensure safety, allows people to process feelings in between sessions, helpful when one leader is experiencing counter transference.
gerald corey and yalom on leader requirement
participation in therapeutic group and in leader’s group is needed to be an effective group leader. yalom-> personal therapy is generally necessary for group leaders
ideal group
8 adults; 3 or 4 childrens group
ideal time for adult group work
2 hrs
ambivalent transference
psychoanalytic term that suggests client will treat counselor with ambivalence, as she would another authority figure
blocking
used when a leader uses an intervention to stop or block a negative or counterproductive behaviors which could hurt another group member
Study of group operations: group dynamics (stages, cohesiveness, leadership style and decision making.
hot seat
popularized by perls in gestalt groups. Whoever is the target of the here and now intervention is in hot seat.
operationally define
you must demonstrate the concrete steps necessary to illuminate the concept.
common weakness in groups
lack of goal setting
sociogram
pictorial account of a group which serves to diagram member interaction. Moreno and jacobson
karpmans triangle
most often used in conjunction with TA as a teaching device to illuminate roles of persecutor, rescuer and victim.
transition stage
group stage occurs after initial stage. Ppl are often judgemental, resistant or caught in power struggle.
group role energizer
stimulates enthusiasm in group
group role scapegoat
person everyone balmes. receive attn. even though neg.
group role gatekeeper
tries to make sure everyone is doing their taks and is participating. Danger is that gatekeeper often doesnt work on their own issues.
group role peeping tom/interrogator
asks questions (neverending) to others in group
Group role - follower
goes along with everyone else in the group. They are non assertive.
Excitation
relates to salters conditioned reflex therapy. Practice of spontaneously experiencing or expressing two emotions. Seen as necessary so as to maintain state of positive mental health. Opposite of inhibition.
Group role harmonizer/conciliator
try to make certain everything is going smoothly.
Group role storyteller
monopolize group time and tell endless stories.
Other roles
intellectualizer, the joker and the attacker
Group role isolate
ignored by others. Feel afraid to reach out or when they do reach out they are rejected.
Role reversal
behavioral role playing technique. The client who brings the problem in plays the person they have the problem with and another client plays the client who brought the problem in.
3 diff types of member roles
task roles (helps group carry out task) maintenance roles (helps maintain or strengthen group process, seen as positive), self-serving roles (seen as neg, clients meeting own needs at expense of group)
Situational leadership style
leaders tell members what to do and they do not emphasize relationships among members (reserved for immature members)
Paul hersey and Kenneth blanchard
leader activities fall into “task actions” and “maintenance actions”. Maintenance actions include relationship concerns. ‘Maturity’ in terms of task= members motivation to do the task. When it is low, there is more high task leadership behavior. When it is higher, can continue with high task but add in high relationship. Task action leadership indicative of one-way communication; relationship behavior is the result of 2-way communication. *task/maintenance verbage on exams could refer to leaders or member behavior
Role conflict
situation in which discrepancy between the way a group member behaves and the way they are supposed to behave
Group basic stages
1) initial or orientation or forming or preoffiliation 2) transition or storming or power and control 3) working or norming or cohesion or negotiation, intimacy and frame of reference 4) separation or termination or closure or adjourning
Yalom group stages
pioneer in group movement: orientation, conflict, cohesion, termination
Tuckman and jennson stages
forming, storming, norming, performing, adjourning
Initial group stage characteristics
characterized by approach-avoidance behavior. Attracted nad repelled by the same goal. I.e. want to meet new members but fear rejection.
Garland, jones, kolodny group stage 2
power and control
Storming stage
aka high anxiety stage or struggle for control stage. Coreys suggest leaders deal with this stage by learning to distinguish between challenges and attacks->leadesr should model positive confrontation
Ecological planning
used to describe the process of obtaining info to determine whether the group is the most desirable form of treatment and if it is to determine the exact nature of the group experience
Final group stage tasks
aka consolidation. Leaders help member snake plans for future.
sociometry=study of measuring person to person relationships.
Family sculpturing
family therapy technique where family members arrange themselves spatially to create live representation of members bonds and alliances
Horizontal interventions
strategies that approach group as a whole. Often called interpersonal.
Vertical intervention
strategy that approaches one ind.
Research in group settings
scarce and the studys that exist may not have been well controlled. There exists a researcher/practitioner split. Group research aka outcome research or product research. Process research=how groups work
Comprehensive model
stress life-skills and will eventually make therapeutic groups unnecessary
Major limitations of group
A group leader can lose control and members could experience emotional harm
A client may need individual therapy before benefitting from group
Group can become a substitute for real world
Clients may feel pressured to replace personal norms with group norms
Groupwork can be intimidating which squelches disclosure
Not good for clients in crisis
Major advantages of group
Members learn to give help in addition to receiving
Group sessions generally cost less than individual counseling
Promotes interpersonal work and universality
Can provide support system
Microcosm of society
Group setting reflects everyday life
What does research say about group work?
No research shows that group work is superior to other forms of therapy
Yalom curative factors
Altruism, universality and existential learning
Catharsis, cohesiveness, and instillation of hope
Imitative behavior and reenactment of family experiences
R.K. Conyne
group intervention is intended to prevent, correct, or enhance behavior
Conyne’s group work grid
four intervention levels 1) individual 2) interpersonal 3) organization 4) community population
Outside observer is group
used to assess the impact of the group and asses change in individual group members
Corey & Corey say that for children under 10…
enhance treatment by involving parents and ask them for input & avoid taking sides between parents and children - support child is seeing parents’ point of view.
