counseling and helping relationships Flashcards
joseph breuer
neurologist, taught freud value of “talking cure” or “catharsis”
AA Brill
impact of freudian theory on career choice
Rollo May
worked in/primary mover in exisistential couseling movement
structural theory
parts of self or states of ego (i.e. eric berne: child, adult, parent and freud: id, ego, superego); describing people this way is known as structural analysis
topographic notion
mind has depth like an iceberg (i.e. freud: unconscious, preconscious, conscious)
joseph wolpe
developed a paradign known as “systematic desensitization”: weakens a client’s response of anxiety to stimuli (behavior therapy based on pavlov’s ‘classical conditioning’)
freud’s understanding of dreams
surface meaning is manifest content; hidden meaning is latent content (deciphered by examining the symbolism of the dream)
freud’s “insight”
often described as a novel, sudden understanding of a problem
freud’s “resistance”
client who is reluctant to bring unconscious ideas into the conscious mind
little albert
case associated with work of John Watson who pioneered American behaviorism. They conditioned a 9 mo old boy to be afraid of furry objects; illustrated behaviorist concept that fears are learned; not deep with unconcious mind
anna o.
case took place in 1880’s; considered 1st psychoanalytic patient of joseph breuer. Diagosed with hysteria, hypnotised and remembered painful events under hypnosis
little hans
used to contrast behavior therapy with psychoanalysis; freud wrote a paper about little hans analyzing fear of going into streets reflecting psychoanalytic notions of behavior and fear
daniel schreber
“most frequently quoted case in modern psychology”; wrote memoir after years in mental hospital; 1911, freud published psychoanalytic notes on memoir; major delusion was that he would transform into a woman, mate with god and create a superior race (freud thought he was struggling with unconscious issues of homosexuality)
catharsis/abreaction
catharsis is non technical term whereas abreaction is. Catharsis conotes mild purging of emotion; abreaction describes when emotional outbursts are highly powerful.
subjective units of distress scale (SUDS)
concept used informing a hierarchy to perform wolpe’s systematic desensitization. SUDS is created via the process of interoception by grading anxiety associated with the situation 0-100. People use this to create a treatment hierarchy
parapraxis
technical psychoanalytic term for slips of the tongue
unconscious mind
composed of material that is normally unknown or hidden from client
ego defense mechanisms
unconsious strategies which distort reality and are based on self deception to protect our self image. They come about through tension between id and superego. Rationalization, compensation, repression (most important), projection, reaction formation, identification, introjection, denial, displacement.
repression
unconscous method to protect oneself from painful information
denial/suppression
conscious act of turning away from painful info
reaction formation
happens when someone cannot accept a given impulse so they behave in opposite manner
sublimation
present when a person acts out unconscious impulses in a socially acceptable way
displacement
when an impulse is unleashed at safe target for the person
rationalization
intellectualization used to minimize hurt feelings; sour grapes: negative, underrate reward or “i didnt want it anyway”; sweet lemon: positive, overrates reward “you’re better off this way”
introjection
takes place when a child accepts parents or caretakers values as their own
identification
when a person identifies with a cause or successful person with the unconscious hope that they will also be perceived as successful
projection
attributes unnacceptable qualities of self to others
compensation
when individuals attempt to overdevelop or develop positive trait in order to make up for a perceived inferiority or limitation
interpretation
makes clientts aware of unconscious processes
individual psychology
analyzes organ inferiority (methods by which individual attempts to compensate for that sense of inferiority)
wolfgang kohler
1910s, gestalt psychologist studying apes; found they had insight as they used trial and error to solve problems
three types of learning
reinforcement (operant conditioning); association (classical conditioning), insight
eidetic imagery
ability to remember the most minute details of scene or picture for an extended period of time; aka photographic memory
constructivist therapy
includes brief therapy (what has worked in clients past) and narrative therapy
neo-freudians
i.e. adler, horney, erikson, sullivan, fromm; stressed importance of cultural and social issues as well as interpersonal social relations
myers-briggs
based on jung’s work; most widely used measure of personality preferences and dispositions
rudolph dreikurs
first to discuss use of group therapy in private practice; introduced adlerian principles to the treatment of children in the school setting.
thematic apperception test (TAT)
projective test where client is shown picture and asked to tell story; introduced by henry murray 1938. called study of personality “personology”
andrew salter
wrote the case against psychoanalysis; groundbreaking work in behavior therapy led to assertiveness training. created conditioned reflex therapy.
paradox strategy
associated with work of viktor frankl; client is instructed to intensify or purposfully engage in maladaptive behavior. popular with family therapists (due to work of jay hayley and milton erikson)
ACT
therapy created by steven hayes; wants clients to take effective action in their lives. goal is to percieve feelings and thoughts as harmless, albeit uncomfortable. it’s the struggling with negative feelings that makes them worse
psychoanalytic theory
merely dealing with a symptom will lead to new sympton manifesting
frederick thorne
felt that through eclecticism was more than a hodgepodge of facts, needed to be scientific. preferred term psychological case handling rather than psychotherapy
associationism
asserts that ideas are held together by associations. had roots in essay by aristotle. most exams list locke, hume, mill or hartley
law of effect/edward thornedike
responses accompanied by satisfaction will be repeated whereas those accompanied by discomfort will be stamped out. trial and error learning
pavlov
classical conditioning or “trait factor approach” researched the digestive system. theory involves many reflexes. respondent behavior-reflexes. UR is never as strong as CR. behavior therapy is based on this.
skinner’s operant conditioning
instrumental learning-behavior modification
reinforcers
all reinforcers increase possibility of antecedent behavior occuring. neg reinforcement is taking something unpleasant away after the behavior occurs (not punishment)-it provides relief. pos reinforcement is a reward for a behavior you want to encourage
punishment
lowers possibility that a behavior will occur. pos punishment (when something is added after a behavior and the behavior is reduced). neg punishment is taking something away that is desired and behavior is reduced.
william glasser
father of reality therapy. 8 steps for effective treatment (7=admonishes not to punish); diagnostic labels give clients permission to act sick or irresponsible, popular in ed circles after writing ‘schools without failure’.
most effective time interval (temporal relation) between CS and US
half a second
backward conditioning
doesnt work! putting the unconditioned stimulus before the conditioned stimulus
forward condtioning
CS before US
stimulus generalization
second order conditioning occurs when the stimulus similar to the CS produces the same reaction
stimulus discrimination
opposite of stimulus generalization- “stimulus differentiation”
experimental neurosis
when the differentiation process becomes too difficult ebcause the stimuli are too similar. subject show signs of emotional disturbance
conditioned stimulus
neutral stimulus (NS)
unconditioned stimulus
reinforcing or charged stimulus
classical extinction
occurs when the CS is not reinforced by the US. not operant extinction (behavior can be extinguished). in classical extin. CR is not eliminated by suppressed. ignoring behavior is common method of extinction
chaining
a chain is a sequence of behaviors inw hich one reponse renders a cue that the next response is to occur. in behavior modification, simple behaviors are learned in chains. a series of operants joined by reinforcers
neil miller and ali banuazizi
utilized rewards to train rats to alter heartrate and intestinal contractions. prior to this it was thought autonomic systems could not be controlled
mary cover jones
demonstrated that learning could serve as a treatment for a phobic reaction
NLP
neurolinguistic programming (brainchild of john grinder, john bandler-not helping professionals)
paradigm
model
concreteness
aka specificity. used by counselors to eliminate vague language
biofeedback
provides client and helper with information
robert carkhuff
5 point scale for measuring empathy, genuiness, concreteness, respect (of a counselor); level s of empathy 1)not attending or distracting significantly from verbal expressions 2) subtracts noticeable affect from the communication 3) feelings expressed by client and basically interchangeable with client meaning and affect 4)counselor adds noticably to client affect 5) counselor adds significantly to clients surface and underlying feelings even in clients deepest moments
higher order conditioning
when a new stimulus is associated or paired with CS and the new stimulus takes on power of original CS
temperature or thermal training
biofeedback, a precise thermometer
EMG
electromyogram (muscle tension0
EEG
electroencephalogram (neurofeedback and monitors brain waves)
EKG
electrocardiogram (heart data)
edmund jacobson
physiologist that developed progressive muscle relaxation
premack principle
an efficient reinforcer is one that the client wants to do themself
LPB
low probability behavior
HPB
high probability behavior-any HPD can be used as a reinforcer for any LPB (grandmas rule or law i.e. if you eat your veggies then you can have dessert)
continuous reinforcement
continue to provide reinforcment each time a target behavior occurs
intermittent reinforcement
aka “partial reinforcment” or “thinning”-target behavior is reinforced only after a behavior mgmt happens several times or continues for a certain time interval. two basic classes: 1)ratio, which is based on number of responses 2)interval, which is based on time
most effective to least effective schedules of reinforcment
VR, VI, FR, FI
secondary reinforcer
stimulus which accompanies a primary reinforcer (i.e. money or token system)
generalized reinforcers
money or tokens
back up reinforcer
an item or an activity which can be purchased using tokens
aversive conditioning
pairing the target behavior (that you want to extinguish) with an unpleasant stimulus
systematic desensitization
proper hierarchy is from least to most anxiety arousing with 10-15 steps in totals 1)relaxation training 2)construction of anxiety hierarchy 3)imagination desensitization 4) in vivo desensitization
behavior rehearsal
act of practicing a behavior in session that can be beneficial in life
fixed role therapy
treatment model created by psychologist george kelly they read a script multiple times per day to train themselves to act think and verbalize liek the person in the script
sensate focus
a form of behavioral sex therapy developed by william masters and virginia johnson-counterconditioning-couple instructed to engage in touching on graduated basis until sex is possible
william reich
classical vegotherapy and orgone box therapy (FDA outlawed orgone boxes and reich ended up in jail)
flooding
deliberate exposure with response prevention-occurs when client is exposed to feared stimulus
implosive therapy
always cnducted in imagination. brainchild of TG Stampfl
EMDR
eye movement desensitization processing, fancine shapiro to deal with traumatic memories, discovered while strolling through the park
existentialism
humanistic form of helping in which counselor helps client discover meaning in life by doing a deep, experiencing value or suffering. rejects analysis and behaviorism, stresses growth and self actualization. Frankl=”you can’t blame your childhood or others for lack of fulfillment”. rejects diagnosis and assessment procedures. focus on clients perception of the here and now, and on what the person can ultimately become, and key to change is self determination
janov
primal scream therapy
aaron beck
father of CT or CBT. similar to REBT,
cognitive triad of depression
depressed people ave more neg views of self, ave more neg view of world around them and they feel future is hopeless
existentialist worlds
unwelt is physical, mitwelt is relationship and eigenwelt is identity
logotherapy
use term noogenic neurosis (frustration of the will to meaning), counselors assist client to find meaning in life so client can write their own life story. death is not seen as evil concept but an entity that gives meaning to life
phenomenology
philosophy of being anad existing
ontology
metaphysical study of life experience
reality therapy
incorporated control theory (later referred as choice therapy) =asserts that the only person whose behavior we can control is our own. exam uses “BCP”=perception controls our behavior. clients childhood is explored but past is never real problem. deemphasize childhood difficulties and rather focus on successes. therapist ‘makes friends with the client’
contracting
in reality therapy, a client and therapist agree on goals to help master target behaviros. only techniques that would be used for both behaviorist and TA counselor
reality therpy 8 steps
8)client and counselor are persistent and dont give up
positive addiction
glasser, reality therapy, ppl can be addicted to positive behaviors. behavior is an attempt to control our perceptions to control our genetic needs. ind strive to meet those needs. brain is control system and tries to meet needs. pos addiction is non competative, done alone and done 1 hr each day and person sees it will lead to personal improvement and perform activity without being self critical
summarization
constitues of synthesis of general tone or feeling of helping process. ability to condense material to capture essense of therapeutic exchange. can be within one session but including past sessions as well.
success identity
reality therapy. person who has success identity feels worth and sig to others. identity=most important psychological need
REBT
changing cognitions is aka self talk and internal verbalizations. philosopher closely related to epictetus. epictetus said “people are disturbed not by things, but by the views they take of them”
ABC theory
part of REBT therapy->activating event; belief system; emotional consequence. postulated that the intervention that occurs at D (disputing the irrational behavior at B)and lead sto E (new emotional consequence)
RBT
rational behavior therapy; maxie maultsby. emphasizes written self analysis said to work well with multicultural counseling and group. ppl receive reading assignments. therapist acts like teacher and is highly directive and uses RBT as model for self help.
SR and REBT
stimulus response model which explains certain behavior but ellis found that it left out the ‘B’ or belief system in humans
metacognition
cbt term, individuals tendency to be aware of their cognitions or cognitive abilities
socratic questioning
helps clients challenge unrealistic thought patterns by asking things like ‘could i be misrepresentating the situation?’
meichenbaum
‘self-instructional training’ with 3 phases=1)educational where client is taught to monitor internal dialogue on top of behavior 2) rehearsal where taught to rehearse new self talk 3) application where new internal dialogue is attempted during stress producing situations
transactional analysis
cog model of therapy which asserts communication transaction occur where vectors of comm run parallel. a crossed transaction=vectors sent and received do not run parallel. running through adult->parent->child. result in not being able to communication or creating hurt feelings. a game is a transaction with a concealed motive and prevent honest discussion and one player always left with neg feelings
tom harris
suggested basic life positions ‘im ok you’re ok’=successful winners. ‘im ok, youre not ok’=taken by delinquents and crimincals that feel victimized and are often paranoid; ‘im not ok, youre not ok’=pessimistic, results in schizoid behavior and results in tendency to kill another and oneself. ‘im not and youre not ok’=masochistic, self abusive person
stephen karpman
3 roles necessary for manipulative drama; persecutor, rescuer, victim. similar to TA game, but more events and you can switch roles
games
higher the number in game, greater the hurt. third degree=permanent or deadly. rackets are the unpleasant feelings after a person creates a game
collecting trading stamps
TA word for trying to secure other childhood feelings
life script
TA word for persons ongoing drama which dictates how they will live their life. Never script=someone who feels that they will never succeed. always=someone who will always remain a given way. after= about how you think you will behave after something happens. open-ended=person has no direction or plan. until =a person is not allowed to feel good until certain accomplishment or event arrives. desirable/less desirable= personal preferences.
fritz perls
father of gestalt therapy aka “Fritz”. Believed people are not bad or good. People have the capacity to govern life effectively as a “whole”. People are part of their environment.
gestalt dialogue experiments or games of dialogue
Top dog - critical parent of personality, authoritarian, “shoulds”
Underdog - weak and powerless
gestalt civil war
splits of personality
layers of neurosis
5 layers that must be peeled away to achieve emotional stability 1) phony, 2) phobic - fear of rejection, 3) impasse - feeling stuck, 4) implosive - willingness to expose true self, 5) explosive - person has relief due to authenticity
gestalt techniques
Playing the projection technique: counselor asks you to act like person you dislike.
Exaggeration experiment: paradox as practiced by Frankl, Haley, or Erickson.
Psychodrama: role playing incorporated into treatment process.
Empty chair technique
Converting questions to statements
gestalt
concerned primarily with here and now, counselor encourages clients to stay with feelings. Dreamwork is an integral part of gestalt approach. In dreams everything is considered projection of self. Goal of Gestalt is to eliminate “it” talk and replace it with “I” statements. Emphasizes experiments and exercises. Popular for group work. Gestalt therapists can be considered confrontational.
gestalt common principles
Insight learning (Wolfgang Kohler)
Zeigarnik effect - motivated people experience tension due to unfinished tasks
Wertheimer’s phiphenomenon - the illusion of movement can be achieved by two or more stimuli which are not moving
gestalt meaning
form, figure, or configuration unified as a whole. Can also imply that the integrated whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Growth takes place when client integrates disowned parts of personality.
unexpressed emotion (gestalt)
unfinished business
retroflection
the act of doing to yourself what you really wish to do to someone else
empathy and counselor effectiveness scales
(carkhuff and gazda); carkuff: rates counselor from 1-5
Carkhuff and Satir created a program to help counselors learn accurate empathy.
gazda: “Global sale for rating helper responses” 1-5 scale. 3 being facilitating client growth
core dimensions
distinct qualities tha counselor must possess
transtheoretical model of change
james prochaska steps for change 1)precontemplation 2) contemplation 3) preparation 4)action 5)maintenance
NLP
neurolinguistic programming (bandler and grinder); Based partially on Erickson, Perls and Satir. Techniques include “reframing” (counselor helps client perceive situation in new light) and “anchoring” (desirable emotional state is evoked by outside stimulus i.e. touch or sound).
successive approximations
shaping or shaping using successive approximations
OOH
occupational outlook handbook, 1949 by us dept labor; preditcs projected job trends
making the rounds strategy
group exercise where client is instructed to say the same message to everyone in the group
peak period of competittion between schools of counseling
late 1960s
counseling in 1950s
counseling became key guidance function and ws golden age
counseling in 1970s
crisi hotline increase
counseling in 1980s
professionalism increase i.e. licensing
rogers’ theory name dev
nondirective (set apart from directive theories); client-centered, person-centered aka self theory
rogerian therapy
existential or humanistic; Reflection is used a lot yet the counselor rarely gives advice.
Is not treatment of choice in cultures where counseling is a last-ditch effort
An effective counselor must possess empathy, congruence, unconditional positive regard. Counselors must help produce climate for growth through genuineness, positive regard, empathic understanding.
Puts little stock in the diagnosis and assessment process. Uses the same techniques/principles regardless of diagnosis.
Would not be very useful for people who aren’t very verbal.
Critics say some degree of directiveness is needed and that more confrontation is necessary.
third force psycholody
humanistic therapy (a reaction to behaviorism and psychoanalysis)
rogers viewed man as…
positive when he develops in a warm, accepting, trusting environment. Individual is god and moves towards growth.
Emphasized congruence of counselor which is - when the outside behavior matches an internal response or state i.e. when the counselor is genuine and doesn’t put on professional front.
Felt that three conditions are necessary : genuineness, unconditional positive regard, empathic understanding
williamson
Trait-factor: through education and scientific data, man can become himself. Humans are born with potential for good or evil. Others are needed to help unleash positive potential. Man is mainly rational, not intuitive.
phrenology
pseudoscientific psychological doctrine asserting that personality could be determined by shape of skull
action phrase
the part of therapy after the relationship is built
consultants
Do not usually adhere to one single theory
Models include:
-Gerald Caplan’s psychodynamic mental health consultation - consultant does not see client directly
-Behavioral consultation or social learning model - (Bandura) Consultant designs behavioral change programs for consultee to use.
-Edgar Schein’s process consultation model - Analogous to doctor-patient model in which consultant diagnoses the problem. Focuses on the process used to solve the problem.
-Triadic consultation - The consultant works with a mediator to provide services to a client
verbal tracking
attending behavior that is verbal. Helpful i.e. leaning forward. Nonhelpful i.e. yawning. “Task facilitative behavior” (counselor’s thoughts in relation to client) v. “abstractive behavior” (counselor’s thoughts not related to client).
counselor social power or “social influence”
expertise, attractiveness, and trustworthiness [EAT formula]. First proposed by Stanley Strong in 1968. Attractiveness implies that positive feelings and thoughts regarding the counselor are helpful i.e “I like my counselor”.
key areas that cause problems for counselors self-image
Competence - a counselor’s feelings about their adequacy
Power - positive trait used to enhance client’s growth
Intimacy - counselors who do not fear intimacy are more effective
a genuine counselor
does not role play someone they are not in order to be accepted and does not change their true values session to session
accomplishment competence
an accomplishment can impact upon ones feelings of competence
allen e ivey’s three types of empathy
Basic - accurate and same level as client’s understanding
Subtractive - does not convey complete understanding
Additive - adds to client’s understanding and awareness
human relations core for effective counselig includes
empathy, positive regard and genuineness
