Human AS Key Terms Flashcards
Ageing Population
An increasing population (1) of the elderly population (1) ages 65 and above (1)
Anti-natalist Policy
An initiative intended to reduce the number of births and fertility rate of a population, often with sanctions/penalties.
Birth Rate
Number of live births / per 1000 / per year
Carrying Capacity
The optimum number of people (1) that can be sustained (1) by an environment and its resources (1), at a given level of technology.
Dependency/Dependent Population
Those in a population that are not economically active nor provide for themselves, such as the elderly (65+) and children (<16 yrs).
Dependency Ratio
The total working population to the total non-working population.
Calculated by:
Population <15/16 + population >65
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Population aged between 15 and 65
Death Rate
The number of people who die / per 1000 / per year.
Fertility Rate
The average number of children (1) born to each woman (1) during her reproductive years.
Food security
The state of having reliable access (1) to a sufficient quantity (1) of nutritious and healthy food (1).
Infant Mortality Rate
Number of babies who die before their first birthday per 1000 live births per year.
Life Expectancy
The average (1) number of years (1) a person is expected to live from birth.
Mortality Rate
The number of people who die due to a particular cause per 1000 per year.
Optimum population
A situation where the population produces the highest standard of living (2) by maximising the benefits from the resources available (1).
Population Structure
The make-up of a population by age and gender.
Pro-natalist Policy
An initative intended to increase the number of births and fertility rate in a population, often with social/economic incentives.
Natural Increase
Birth rate - Death rate, excluding migration, per thousand/yr
The rate population naturally changes (excluding migration)
Underpopulation
A situation where there are too few people (1) to make full use of the resources or maximise living standards (1) at a given level of technology (1).
Chain Migration
A process whereby a pioneer migrant permanently moves to a new destination and sends back positive information. This encourages more migrants to move and establishes a migration stream.
Counterurbanisation
The movement of people and businesses from cities back to the countryside for more than one year
Forced / Involuntary Migration
The movement of people (1) for a period of one year or more (1) which is not by choice (1).
Internal Migration
The movement of people (1) within a country and not crossing borders (1) for a duration of one year or more (1).
International Migration
The movement of people between countries and across borders (1) for a duration of more than one year (1).
Intra-Urban Migration
The permanent (more than 1 year) movement of people (1) within an urban area (1), not commuting.
Pull Factor
The percieved advantages of the destination (1) that encourage the migrant to move (1).
Push Factor
The percieved disadvantages (1) of the origin that encourage the migrant to leave (1).
Rural-urban Migration
The movement of people from the countryside to the city for one year or more.
Stepped Migration
The movement of people for one year or more (1) in a sequence of stages (1). These stages usually occur within the settlement hierarchy (1).
Urban-Urban Migration
The movement from one town or city to another town or city (1) for one year or more (1). Example Rio de Janiero to Barra de Tijucia (1).
Voluntary Migration
The movement of people for more than one year (1) which is by choice (1).
Bid-Rent
An economic concept/factor that explains the location of different land-uses in an urban area based on price of land vs distance from the centre/CBD
Central Business District
The central area of a city (1) where retailing, offices and intergration of transport can be found (1).
Functional Zonation
Where different land-uses and activities are found concentrated together in certain parts of the urban area, with other functions not found e.g. manufacturing, or lawyers offices all together.
Gentrification
A process that occurrs in certain inner city areas where old substandard housing is bought and modernised by middle/high income households, usually in a piecemeal way.
Residential Segregation
The physical and spatial segregation of two or more social groups into specific areas of a town or city. This may be based on income, age or race etc.
Residential Zonation
The spatial pattern of housing across a town or city, often linked to age of housing and incomes of residents.
Re-urbanisation
A process, usually led by a government initiative or gentrification, to counter the effects of inner city decline. It aims to encourage people or businesses to move back into an urban area.
Settlement Hierarchy
The order of settlements based on size of population, provision of services and importance of functions.
Spatial Competition
Where different land users bid for the use of the same location as there is inadequate space to satisfy everyone.
Urban Growth
An increase in the population and area of a town or city.
Urbanisation
A process of an increasing concentration/proportion of a population in urban areas (1) either by the movement of people into urban areas (1) or by natural increase (1).
Urban Renewal
The process whereby the derelict or run-down areas (1) of a town or city (1) are improved by upgrading existing buildings (1) and infrastructure (1).
World City
A city that acts as a node in the global economic system (1) that influences on a disproportionate amount of global activity (1) and has an effect on global affairs (1).
