HUG vocab unit chap 5 Flashcards
language
system of communication through speech, movement, sounds, and symbols that a group of people understand to have the same meaning
centripetal force
force that tends to unify people
centrifugal force
force that tends to pull people apart
institutional language
used in education, work, mass media, and goverment
developing language
in daily use by people of all age and has literary tradition
vigorous language
in daily use by all ages, lacks literary tradition
threatened language
used for face to face communication, but losing users
dying language
still used by old people, but not being transmitted to children
literary tradition
it is written and spoken
language family
collection of languages related through common ancestral language that existed long before recorded history
language branch
collection of languages related through common ancestral language that existed several thousand years ago, differences are not as extensive as familes
language group
collection of languages within a branch that share common origin in relatively recent past and display many similarities in grammar and vocab
language divergence
speakers of language scatter an develop variations of language to meet their needs
lingua franca
language of international communication and trade
logograms
symbols that represent words/meaningful parts of words
toponym
place name that reflects culture/cultural landscape
official language
used by government to enact legislation, publish documents, and conduct other public business
working language
designated by international corporation as primary means for daily communication
pidgin language
form of language that adopts simplified grammar and limited vocab of lingua franca, used for communication among two languages
dialect
regional variation of language distinguished by distinctive vocab, spelling and pronuncitation
standard language
dialect that is well established and widely recognized as the most acceptable for government, business, education, and mass communication
monolingual states
country with 1 language spoken
multilingual states
country with more than 1 language spoken
isogloss
boundary that separates regions in which different languages are predominant
creole language
language that results from mixing of a colonizers language with indigenous language of people being dominated
mutual intelligibility
ability of people speaking in 2 ways to understand each other without prior familiarity or special effort
endangered language
children are no longer learning, remaining speakers use less frequently
sound shift
systematic change in pronunciation of a set of speech sounds as a language evolves
nostratic
hypothetical prototounge of languages which principal members are indo-european, semitic, altaic, and dravidian families
language convergence
2 or more languages become more similar overtime due to prolonged interactions
proto Indo european
unrecorded language which all indo-european languages are thought to derive
