hsf exam 3 extra Flashcards
what structures are located in the superior mediastinum from anterior to posterior?
thymus, veins, arteries, trachea, esophagus, lymphatic trunks
most VSDs occur in the…
muscular portion
what is significant about the coronary arteries?
they are the ONLY system arteries to perfuse during ventricular DIASTOLE
what is the only vein that drains directly into the R atrium?
anterior cardiac vein
what does the R vagus n travel between?
it is parallel to the trachea, passes posteriorly to SVC and right main bronchus
what does the L vagus n travel between?
the L common carotid and subclavian a
descends anteriorly to aortic arch and posterior to left bronchus
where is the thymus located?
anterior part of SUPERIOR mediastinum
anterior to L brachiocephalic and pericardium
what veins are in the superior mediastinum?
brachiocephalic veins, L superior intercostal vein, supreme intercostal vein, and azygos vein
terminal half of SVC in MIDDLE mediastinum
where is the ascending aorta located?
in MIDDLE mediastinum
what arteries are in the superior mediastinum?
brachiocephalic, L common carotid, and L subclavian
R recurrent laryngeal n hooks around…
R subclavian a, ascends between trachea and esophagus
L recurrent laryngeal n arises from?
L vagus n, loops under aortic arch to left of ligamentum arteriosum, continuing in tracheal-esophageal groove
the R recurrent laryngeal DOES NOT…
enter the mediastinum
what two structures compress the esophagus?
aorta and left main bronchus
what is the oblique sinus?
venous end where SVC, IVC, and pulm veins enter the heart
coronary arteries to the…
visceral layer of serous pericardium only
apex of heart is…
inferolateral part of L ventricle, posterior to L 5th intercostal space
base of heart is…
left atrium where and where great vessels enter
what forms the anterior/sternocostal surface of the heart?
right ventricle
what forms the posterior surface of the heart?
left atrium
what forms the inferior/diaphragmatic surface of the heart?
left and right ventricle
what forms the right and left pulmonary surfaces of the heart?
right and left ventricles
what forms the RIGHT border of the heart?
SVC and right atrium
what forms the left border of the heart?
aortic arch, pulm artery, L auricle and ventricle
what forms the inferior border of the heart?
right ventricle and small portion of left ventricle
what forms the superior border of the heart?
right and left atria, ascending aorta, pulmonary trunk, SVC
left atrium is…
MOST posterior and SUPERIOR
right ventricle is…
anterior and inferior
where is the moderator band located?
in right ventricle
carries part of right branch of AV bundle to anterior papillary muscle
muscular VSDs can…
spontaneously close
which valve is most commonly diseased?
mitral valve
semilunar valves are NOT…
associated with chordae tendineae and papillary muscles
coronary a fill as…
aortic sinuses fill because they derive from them
what supplies the AV node?
the posterior interventricular artery
what does the L diagonal branch supply?
anterior portion of LV
what does the circumflex branch supply?
L atrium and superior portion of LV
what are the 2 ways in which the SA node is supplied?
via the RCA or circumflex of LCA
what are the common sites of MI?
anterior interventricular a, RCA, and circumflex branch
vagus n only transmits…
reflexive fibers
normal PR is…
<0.2 seconds
normal QRS is…
<0.12 seconds
a fib causes…
blood clots - want to give patient anit-clotting
patients with genetic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy may be prone to…
arrhythmias
patients with a fib are prone to…
blood clots because of no coordinated contraction of the atria, leading to pooling of blood in the atria 1
what is the cardiac output equation? what are the normal values for men and women?
CO = HR x SV
men = 5.6 L/min
women = 4.9 L/min
what is the function of digitalis/digoxin?
inhibits Na+/K+ pump, increases Ca2+ which means increased contraction
slows the HR by blocking AV node conduction and depress SA node (allows ventricles time to fill)
SIDE EFFECT = ARRYHTHMIAS
what is the function of dobutamine?
beta 1 receptor, increased Ca2+ (inotropic), increases HR, vasodilator
SIDE EFFECT = ARRHYTHMIAS
what is the function of milrinone?
phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor (prevents the break down of cAMP, allowing for activation of SA/AV node to increase HR)
increase Ca2+ (inotropic) and increased HR (further increased cAMP levels), vasodilator
SIDE EFFET = ARRHTHMIAS
what is the function of levosimendan?
increased Ca2+ sensitization to troponin C (increased contractility)
DOES NOT increase Ca2+ or HR meaning doesn’t cause arrhythmia
what is important about Ach in parasympathetics?
if Ach is on ENDOTHELIUM –> will stimulate vasodilation
if no ENDO then it will stimulate contraction
what is the MABP equation?
2/3 DP + 1/3 SP or DP + 1/3 (SP-DP)
what is important to note about pulse pressure?
the greater the SV, the greater the pulse pressure
the less compliant (stretchability), the greater the pulse pressure (this is because if the vessels are less compliant they won’t stretch as much so you need to increase SP to push blood out)
what is the velocity equation?
V = flow rate/cross sectional area
VELOCITY IS INVERSELY RELATED TO CROSS SECTIONAL AREA
what is the resistance equation?
R = 8nl/pi(r^4)
F = pi(pressure gradient)(r^4)/8nl
total blood flow in arterioles is…
ALWAYS equal to CO
which valve disease has a wide pulse pressure?
aortic regurgitation
adaptive immunity depends on…
lymphocytes
what is the most common positional abnormality?
dextrocardia
what is right aortic arch?
persistance of 4th right arch DISTAL to the right subclavian
what is double aortic arch?
segment of right 4th aortic arch CAUDAL to right subclavian
what is coarctation of the aorta?
coarctation of aorta DISTAL to LEFT subclavian
what is long QT syndrome also referred to as?
Torsades
type of vtach
what specifies the venous end in development?
RA
LOWER RA = more anterior structures
