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Diana's Flashcards > CLEP Psych Review > Flashcards

CLEP Psych Review Flashcards

1
Q

Who is the father of modern psychology?

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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2
Q

What is structuralism?

A

Attempt to understand structure or characteristics of the mind

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3
Q

Who believed in structuralism?

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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4
Q

What is functionalism?

A

Function of behavior in the world

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5
Q

Who believed in functionalism?

A

William James (James-Lange)

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6
Q

What is the psychoanalytic theory?

A

Role of a person’s unconscious mind and early childhood experiences

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7
Q

Who created the psychoanalytic theory?

A

Sigmund Freud

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8
Q

What did Ivan Pavlov do?

A

Created conditioned reflex (classical conditioning and operant conditioning)

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9
Q

What did John B. Watson believe in?

A

Behaviorism (observing and controlling behavior)

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10
Q

Why is Carl Rogers important?

A

He created client-centered therapy, believed in congruence, and focused on the humanistic approach

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11
Q

What did Gordon Allport study?

A

Personality psychology

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12
Q

What are the Big 5 Dimensions?

A

Openness
Consciousness
Extroversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism

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13
Q

Explain the significance of the pituitary gland

A

It is the master gland that is activated by the hypothalamus, it can then activate other glands in the body

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14
Q

What is etiology?

A

The study of origin and causes

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15
Q

What does the nervous system consist of?

A

Neurons - highly specialized, receive and transfer info across the body
Cell body - keeps cell alive and functioning
Dendrites - take in info from outside of the cell
Axons - pass info to other nerve cells, muscles, or glands

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16
Q

Explain sensory/afferent neurons

A

Take in info from tissues and sense organs then transmit info to CNS

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17
Q

Explain motor/efferent neurons

A

Send info from CNS to body tissues, muscles, and sense organs

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18
Q

Explain inter/association neurons

A

Communicate with other neurons (MOST COMMON)

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19
Q

What is the CNS composed of?

A

Brain and spinal cord
Reflexive behavior
Relies on sensory, motor, and interneuron communication

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20
Q

What is the PNS composed of?

A

Somatic nervous system
carries info from muscles, sense organs, and skin to CNS then from CNS to skeletal muscle
Autonomic nervous system
- sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight)
- parasympathetic nervous system (relaxes the body)

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21
Q

What is the function of the brainstem?

A

Controls basic functions (like swallowing)

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22
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Controls voluntary movement

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23
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

Receives info about taste, touch, sight, and hearing (5 senses)

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24
Q

What is the function of the reticular formation?

A

Controls arousal, sleep, and filters incoming stimuli and sends it to other parts of the brain

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25
Q

What is the limbic system composed of?

A

Hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, and thalamus

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26
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

Controls pituitary gland
Associated with hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior
Main center of homeostasis

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27
Q

What are the physiological techniques to examine the brain?

A

EEG, MRI, CAT/PET scan, fMRI

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28
Q

What research design is most appropriate for establishing a cause-effect relationship?

A

Experimental

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29
Q

What are the components of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs? Highest to lowest

A

Self-actualization
Esteem
Social
Safety
Physiological (food)

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30
Q

What does the place theory explain?

A

The perception of HIGH frequency sounds

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31
Q

What does the frequency theory explain?

A

The perception of LOW frequency sounds

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32
Q

Neurons are polarized when?

A

In resting state

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33
Q

What happens when there is damage to the parietal lobe?

A

Reduced sensitivity to touch

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34
Q

What are the receptors for hearing?

A

Hair cells on the basilar membrane

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35
Q

What is the facial-feedback hypothesis?

A

Facial expressions can directly affect a person’s emotional experience

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36
Q

What is hypnosis most useful for?

A

Pain control

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37
Q

What do the brain waves during REM sleep look like?

A

Rapid low-amplitude waves

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38
Q

What is context-dependent memory?

A

Stronger recall in the same environment which the original memory was formed

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39
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Method of learning that uses rewards and punishments to modify behavior

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40
Q

What is priming?

A

A part of implicit memory because it occurs without conscious awareness

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41
Q

What will the stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus result in?

A

Increased in eating behavior

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42
Q

What levels of arousal lead to poor performance?

A

Low and high levels

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43
Q

What is the distinction between personality trait and attitude?

A

Durability

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44
Q

Schizophrenia is similar to Parkinson’s disease because…

A

Both involve imbalance of dopamine

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45
Q

What are similarity, proximity, and familiarity associated with?

A

Attraction

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46
Q

A test can be reliable without being valid (true/false)

A

True

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47
Q

What is transduction?

A

Conversion from sensory stimulus energy to action potential

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48
Q

What is the absolute threshold?

A

Minimum amount of stimulus that must be present for stimulus to be detected 50% of the time

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49
Q

What are subliminal messages?

A

Below the threshold for conscious awareness

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50
Q

Who proposed the theory of change in difference threshold?

A

Ernest Weber

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51
Q

What is bottom-up processing?

A

Perceptions built from sensory input

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52
Q

What is top-down processing?

A

How we interpret sensations influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts

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53
Q

Perception is built from sensations but not all sensations result in perception (true/false)

A

True

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54
Q

What is sensory adaptation?

A

When you don’t perceive a stimuli that has remained unchanged over a long time

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55
Q

What is inattentional blindness?

A

Failure to notice something because of lack of attention

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56
Q

Motivation affects perception (true/false)

A

True

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57
Q

What is the signal detection theory?

A

The ability to identify a stimulus when embedded in distracting background

58
Q

High frequency and…

A

High pitch

59
Q

Low frequency and…

A

Low pitch

60
Q

Explain cones

A

Bright light (light detecting) and spatial resolution, colored vision

61
Q

Explain rods

A

Low light

62
Q

What is night blindness?

A

When rods do not transform light into nerve impulses as easily and efficiently (difficulty seeing in dim light)

63
Q

What is the opponent-process theory?

A

Colors are coded in opponent pairs (black/white, red/green, blue/yellow)

64
Q

What is Meinere’s disease?

A

Degeneration of inner ear structures that can lead to hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo, and an increase in pressure in the inner ear

Caused by sensorineural hearing loss

65
Q

What does the pineal gland secrete?

A

Melatonin

66
Q

What does the pons regulate?

A

REM sleep

67
Q

What does the pituitary gland secrete during sleep?

A

FSH, LH, and growth hormone

68
Q

What is in stage 1 of NREM?

A

Alpha waves (low frequency, high amplitude)
transitional (between wakefulness and sleep, hypnagogic)
Some theta waves

69
Q

What is in stage 2 of NREM?

A

Theta waves (lower frequency, higher amplitude)
Deep relaxation
K-complexes (VERY high amplitude pattern of brain activity)
Sleep spindles (rapid burst of higher frequency brain waves that may be important in learning and memory)

70
Q

What is in stages 3 and 4 of NREM?

A

Deep sleep or slow-wave sleep
Delta waves (low frequency, high amplitude)
Respiration and heart rate drop dramatically
Difficult to wake up

71
Q

What is in the REM stage?

A

When dreams occur, paralysis of muscle systems in body with exception of circulation and respiration
Involved in emotional processing and regulation

72
Q

What is manifest content of dreams?

A

Actual content, or storyline, of a dream

73
Q

What is latent content of dreams?

A

Hidden meaning of a dream

74
Q

What is the collective unconscious?

A

Theoretical repository of info to be shared by everyone

75
Q

What are amphetamines usually prescribed to and for?

A

To children with ADHD

76
Q

Why is slow-wave sleep important?

A

Enhance performance on recently learned tasks

77
Q

How can depression be improved?

A

With REM deprivation

78
Q

What does LSD affect?

A

Serotonin

79
Q

What is the info-processing model?

A

Dreams are a way to consolidate info

80
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Aka Pavlovian conditioning
Unconscious processing
Involuntary

81
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Conscious processing
Voluntary

82
Q

What is higher order conditioning?

A

Pairing a neutral stimulus with conditioned stimulus

83
Q

What is extinction?

A

When there is a decrease in conditioned response because unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with conditioned stimulus

84
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

Return of a previously extinguished conditioned response following a rest period

85
Q

What is stimulus discrimination?

A

When an organism learns to respond differently to various stimuli that are similar

86
Q

What is stimulus generalization?

A

When an organism demonstrates conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to condition stimulus

87
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

Rewarding a positive behavior for it to occur again the future

88
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

Giving a reward in order to remove a negative behavior

89
Q

What is positive punishment?

A

When you add consequences to unwanted behaviors

90
Q

What is negative punishment?

A

When you remove pleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior (ex: taking away a toy from a child to punish them)

91
Q

What is shaping?

A

The process of training a learned behavior that would not normally occur (like a baby crawling, then standing, then walking)

92
Q

What is latent learning?

A

It occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it

93
Q

What is a neutral stimulus?

A

Does not initially elicit a response in an organism

94
Q

What is a role schema?

A

Assumes how individuals in certain roles behave

95
Q

What is event schema?

A

Set of behaviors that can feel like a routine

96
Q

What is anchoring bias?

A

When you focus on one piece of info when making a decision or solving a problem

97
Q

What is confirmation bias?

A

The tendency to focus on info that confirms your existing beliefs

98
Q

What is hindsight bias?

A

Makes you believe that the event you experienced was predictable even though it wasn’t

99
Q

What is representative bias?

A

Unintentionally stereotyping somebody or something

100
Q

What is crystallized intelligence?

A

Acquired knowledge and ability to retrieve it

101
Q

What is fluid intelligence?

A

Ability to see complex relations and solve problems

102
Q

What are the components of the theory of intelligence?

A

Analytical, practical, and creative

103
Q

What is the Flynn Effect?

A

Observation that each generation has a higher IQ

104
Q

What is the James-Lange theory?

A

Physiological arousal precedes experience of emotions

105
Q

What is the smallest unit of language?

A

Morphemes

106
Q

What is memory made up of?

A

Sensory memory (5 senses)
STM (working memory, 7 items + or - 2)
LTM (unlimited capacity, has to be transferred to STM to be recalled)

107
Q

What is the overjustification effect?

A

Intrinsic motivation is diminished when extrinsic motivation is given

108
Q

What is the Yerkes-Dodson law?

A

Simples tasks are best performed when arousal levels are high and complex tasks are best performed when arousal levels are low

109
Q

What is the Schachter-Singer Two-Factor theory?

A

Emotions are composed of two factors: physiological and cognitive

110
Q

What is the function of leptin?

A

Suppresses appetite

111
Q

What are people with PTSD shown to have?

A

Reduced volumes of the hippocampus

112
Q

What is the difference between continuous and discontinuous development?

A

Continuous = cumulative process
Discontinuous = occurs in stages

113
Q

What are the 5 stages of psychosexual development according to Freud?

A

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

114
Q

What did Erik Erikson believe in?

A

Psychosocial development
Each stage in life is associated with a struggle (development takes place throughout our life from birth to adulthood)

115
Q

What is assimilation?

A

Process of fitting new information and experiences into existing schemas

116
Q

What is accommodation?

A

Process of changing the existing schemas when new information cannot be assimilated

117
Q

What were the 4 stages of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development in children?

A

Sensorimotor (sensory and motor behaviors)
Preoperational (symbols to represent words, images and ideas)
Concrete operational (can think logically)
Formal operational (can deal with abstract ideas and hypothetical situations)

118
Q

What is object permanence?

A

Children know that even when something is out of sight, it is still there

119
Q

What are the 4 attachment styles of children?

A

Secure
Avoidant (unresponsive to parent)
Resistant (clingy but reject attachment)
Disorganized (freeze, run in an erratic manner, children who have been abused)

120
Q

What are the 5 stages of grief?

A

Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance

121
Q

What is the main task of adolescent?

A

Forming an identity

122
Q

Who created the 1st modern hospice?

A

Florence Nightingale

123
Q

What were the 3 interacting systems that Freud created to understand conflicts?

A

id, superego (morals), and ego

124
Q

What are some defense mechanisms?

A

Denial, displacement, projection, rationalization, reaction formation, regression, repression, sublimation

125
Q

Who is Noam Chomsky?

A

Father of modern linguistics
Believed people are born with universal grammar hardwired into brain

126
Q

What concepts did Albert Bandura create?

A

Reciprocal determinism (a person’s behavior is influenced by individual and environment), observational learning, and self-efficacy

127
Q

What did Julian Rotter create?

A

The locus of control

128
Q

What does DSM-V stand for?

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

129
Q

What are the types of depression?

A

Major depressive disorder
Seasonal disorder
Postpartum
Persistent depressive disorder

130
Q

What are the abnormal activities in the brain when someone has depression?

A

Overactive amygdala, reduced volume of prefrontal cortex, and lower levels of serotonin

131
Q

What is the diathesis-stress model?

A

Some people are predisposed to depression due to genetics or biological features

132
Q

What is generalized anxiety?

A

Free-floating anxiety
Excessive, uncontrollable worry

133
Q

What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Hallucinations and delusions

134
Q

What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Emotional flatness, nonresponsiveness, avolition, alogia, anhedonia, social withdrawal

135
Q

What are the motor symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Catatonia

136
Q

What are the types of counterconditioning?

A

Exposure therapy
- systemic desensitization (gradual exposure)
- flooding (immediate exposure)
aversive conditioning

137
Q

What is dispositional attribution?

A

Internal and trate reasons

138
Q

What is situation attribution?

A

external and state reasons

139
Q

What is the fundamental attribution error?

A

Not taking into account external factors

140
Q

What is the actor-observer bias?

A

When you’re the actor, you’re quick to blame external factors
When you’re the observer, you’re quick to blame internal factors

Diana's Flashcards (8 decks)

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