hsf 2 exam 2 extra Flashcards
where do you listen to apex of the lung?
at the superior middle 1/3 of the clavicle
where do you listen to the superior lobe of the lung?
at the 2nd intercostal space
where do you listen to the inferior lobe of the lung?
at the TRIANGLE OF AUSCULATION
where do bronchial arteries arise from and how many are in each lung?
arise from thoracic aorta
1-2 per lung
where do the 2 left bronchial and 1 right bronchial arteries arise from?
2 left = thoracic aorta
1 right = 3rd posterior intercostal artery
what are the parietal pleuras innervated by?
cervical = intercostal n
costal = intercostal n
diaphragmatic = phrenic n (central) and intercostal n (peripheral)
mediastinal = phrenic n
where does the trachea bifuricate and into what?
at sternal angle/transverse thoracic plane
into main bronchi
pulm arteries and bronchi are…
pulm veins run…
paired in the lung
independent courses from arteries and bronchi
what does reflexive visceral sensory accompany?
parasympathetic fibers (vagus n)
presynaptic
what does nociceptive visceral sensory accompany?
sympathetic fibers (cardiopulmonary splanchnic n)
postsynaptic
what causes barrel chest?
emphysema due to abnormally expanded lungs
how does smoking cause lung cancer?
by introducing DNA mutations, inflammation stimulating cell proliferation, O2 radicals activate EGFR leading to proliferation
which pathway does visceral afferent follow?
follows parasympathetic
thorax and upper ab = vagus n.
lower ab and pelvis = pelvic splanchnic n
is cardiopulmonary pre or post synaptic?
postsynpatic
is thoracic splachnic pre or post synpatic?
presynpatic
REMEMBER anything that pierces the ab will be PREganglionic
everything ABOVE ab will be POSTganglionic
is epi an agonist or antagonist and for what?
agonist for alpha and beta receptor agonist (more beta)
is norepi an agonist or antagonist and for what?
agonist for alpha and beta receptor (more alpha)
is phenylephrine an agonist or antagonist?
alpha 1 R agonist
is clonidine an agonist or antagonist?
alpha 2 R agonist
is albuterol an agonist or antagonist?
beta 2 R agonist
is propanolol an agonist or antagonist?
beta R antagonist
is pilocarpine an agonist or antagonist?
Ach MR agonist
is atropine an agonist or antagonist?
AchR MR antagonist
is glycopyrrolate an agonist or antagonist?
AchR MR antagonist
what is the transpulmonary pressure?
4
patients with obstructive lung disease breath at higher or lower lung volume?
higher because they have more resistance so they want to breathe at a higher volume to lower the resistance (basically when they breathe, they take a big breath to expand their chest and decrease resistance)
what is the normal Hg level?
14-15 Hg/dl for men and women
what is alveolar-arterial gradient useful for?
diagnosing hypoxemia
early lung development is linked to and increase in…
RA produced by adjacent mesoderm
