hsf 2 exam 2 extra Flashcards

1
Q

where do you listen to apex of the lung?

A

at the superior middle 1/3 of the clavicle

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2
Q

where do you listen to the superior lobe of the lung?

A

at the 2nd intercostal space

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3
Q

where do you listen to the inferior lobe of the lung?

A

at the TRIANGLE OF AUSCULATION

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4
Q

where do bronchial arteries arise from and how many are in each lung?

A

arise from thoracic aorta
1-2 per lung

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5
Q

where do the 2 left bronchial and 1 right bronchial arteries arise from?

A

2 left = thoracic aorta
1 right = 3rd posterior intercostal artery

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6
Q

what are the parietal pleuras innervated by?

A

cervical = intercostal n
costal = intercostal n
diaphragmatic = phrenic n (central) and intercostal n (peripheral)
mediastinal = phrenic n

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7
Q

where does the trachea bifuricate and into what?

A

at sternal angle/transverse thoracic plane
into main bronchi

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8
Q

pulm arteries and bronchi are…
pulm veins run…

A

paired in the lung
independent courses from arteries and bronchi

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9
Q

what does reflexive visceral sensory accompany?

A

parasympathetic fibers (vagus n)
presynaptic

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10
Q

what does nociceptive visceral sensory accompany?

A

sympathetic fibers (cardiopulmonary splanchnic n)
postsynaptic

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11
Q

what causes barrel chest?

A

emphysema due to abnormally expanded lungs

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12
Q

how does smoking cause lung cancer?

A

by introducing DNA mutations, inflammation stimulating cell proliferation, O2 radicals activate EGFR leading to proliferation

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13
Q

which pathway does visceral afferent follow?

A

follows parasympathetic
thorax and upper ab = vagus n.
lower ab and pelvis = pelvic splanchnic n

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14
Q

is cardiopulmonary pre or post synaptic?

A

postsynpatic

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15
Q

is thoracic splachnic pre or post synpatic?

A

presynpatic

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16
Q

REMEMBER anything that pierces the ab will be PREganglionic
everything ABOVE ab will be POSTganglionic

17
Q

is epi an agonist or antagonist and for what?

A

agonist for alpha and beta receptor agonist (more beta)

18
Q

is norepi an agonist or antagonist and for what?

A

agonist for alpha and beta receptor (more alpha)

19
Q

is phenylephrine an agonist or antagonist?

A

alpha 1 R agonist

20
Q

is clonidine an agonist or antagonist?

A

alpha 2 R agonist

21
Q

is albuterol an agonist or antagonist?

A

beta 2 R agonist

22
Q

is propanolol an agonist or antagonist?

A

beta R antagonist

23
Q

is pilocarpine an agonist or antagonist?

A

Ach MR agonist

24
Q

is atropine an agonist or antagonist?

A

AchR MR antagonist

25
Q

is glycopyrrolate an agonist or antagonist?

A

AchR MR antagonist

26
Q

what is the transpulmonary pressure?

27
Q

patients with obstructive lung disease breath at higher or lower lung volume?

A

higher because they have more resistance so they want to breathe at a higher volume to lower the resistance (basically when they breathe, they take a big breath to expand their chest and decrease resistance)

28
Q

what is the normal Hg level?

A

14-15 Hg/dl for men and women

29
Q

what is alveolar-arterial gradient useful for?

A

diagnosing hypoxemia

30
Q

early lung development is linked to and increase in…

A

RA produced by adjacent mesoderm