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Pharmacy > HPP LEC CHAP 7 > Flashcards

HPP LEC CHAP 7 Flashcards

1
Q

attached to bones
striated
voluntarily controlled

A

skeletal muscle

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2
Q

located in the heart
striated
involuntarily controlled

A

cardiac muscle

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3
Q

located in blood vessels, hollow organs
non-striated
involuntarily controlled

A

smooth muscle

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4
Q

Functions of muscular system

A
  1. Movement
  2. Maintain posture
  3. Respiration
  4. Production of body heat
  5. Communication
  6. Heart beat
  7. Contraction of organs and vessels
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5
Q

4 properties of muscles

A

contractility
excitability
extensibility
elasticity

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6
Q

the ability of muscle to shorten forcefully or contract

A

contractility

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7
Q

the capacity of muscle to respond to a stimulus

A

excitability

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8
Q

ability to be stretched beyond it normal resting length and still be able to contract

A

extensibility

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9
Q

ability of the muscle to recoil to its original resting length after it has been stretched

A

elasticity

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10
Q

Skeletal muscle, or striated muscle, with its
associated connective tissue, constitutes
approximately how many percent of the body weight?

A

40%

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11
Q

a connective tissue sheath that surround each skeletal muscle

A

epimysium

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12
Q

a skeletal muscle is subdivided into groups of muscle cells

A

fascicles

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13
Q

surround the fassicle

A

perimysium

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14
Q

surround each skeletal muscle cell

A

endomysium

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15
Q

fiber is a single cylindrical cell, with
several nuclei located at its periphery.

A

muscle fiber

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16
Q

The muscle fibers range in what length and in diameter?

A

1cm - 30 cm
0.15 mm

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17
Q

Skeletal muscle fibers contain several nuclei that are located where?

A

periphery

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18
Q

has many tubelike inward folds

A

sarcolemma (cell membrane)

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19
Q

what do you call the tubelike in sarcolemma? It also occur at regular intervals along the muscle fiber and extend into the center of the muscle fiber.

A

Transverse tubules/ T tubules

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20
Q

the t tubules are associated with enlarged portions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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21
Q

what do you call the enlarged portions

A

terminal cisternae

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22
Q

t tubules connect the sarcolemma to the terminal cisternae to form a?

A

muscle triad

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23
Q

The sarcoplasmic reticulum has a relatively high
concentration of?

A

Calcium

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24
Q

the cytoplasm of a muscle fiber which contains many bundles of protein filaments

A

sarcoplasm

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25
Q

are bundles of protein filaments

A

myofibrils

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26
Q

myofibrils consists of

A

myofilaments, actin, myosin

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27
Q

a nerve cell stimulates muscle
cells.

A

motor neuron

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28
Q

a synapse where a
the fiber of a nerve connects with a muscle fiber.

A

neuromuscular junction

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29
Q

refers to the cell-to-cell junction
between a nerve cell and either another nerve cell
or an effector cell, such as in a muscle or a gland.

A

synapse

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30
Q

a group of muscle fibers that a
motor neuron stimulates.

A

motor unit

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31
Q

is the end of a neuron cell
axon fiber.

A

presynaptic terminal

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32
Q

is the space between the
presynaptic terminal and postsynaptic membrane.

A

synaptic cleft

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33
Q

the muscle fiber
membrane (sarcolemma).

A

postsynaptic membrane

34
Q

a vesicle in the presynaptic
terminal that stores and releases neurotransmitter
chemicals.

A

synaptic vesicle

35
Q

chemicals that stimulate
or inhibit postsynaptic cells.

A

Neurotransmitters

36
Q

the neurotransmitter that
stimulates skeletal muscles.

A

Acetylcholine

37
Q

a temporary state of reduced work
capacity.

38
Q

What are the Mechanisms of fatigue

A
  • Acidosis and ATP depletion due to either an
    increased ATP consumption or a decreased ATP
    production
  • Oxidative stress, which is characterized by the
    buildup of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS;
    free radicals)
  • Local inflammatory reactions
39
Q

two types of muscle contractions

A

isometric and isotonic

40
Q

has an increase in
muscle tension, but no change in length.

A

isometric contractions

41
Q

has a change in
muscle length with no change in tension.

A

isotonic contractions

42
Q

are isotonic
contractions in which muscle tension increases
as the muscle shortens.

A

Concentric contractions

43
Q

isotonic contractions
in which tension is maintained in a muscle, but
the opposing resistance causes the muscle to
lengthen.

A

Eccentric contractions

44
Q

the constant tension produced by
body muscles over long periods of time.

A

muscle tone

45
Q

non-striated small,
spindle-shaped muscle cells, usually with one
nucleus per cell.

A

smooth muscle

46
Q

long, striated, and
branching, with usually only one nucleus per cell.

A

cardiac muscle

47
Q

Cardiac muscle contraction

A

autorhythmic.

48
Q

Cardiac muscle cells are connected to one
another by specialized structures that include
desmosomes and gap junctions

A

intercalated disks

49
Q

connects skeletal muscle to bone.

50
Q

are broad, sheetlike tendons.

A

aponeuroses

51
Q

is a band of connective tissue that
holds down the tendons at each wrist and ankle.

A

retinaculum

52
Q

the end of the muscle attached
to the bone undergoing the greatest movement.

53
Q

The part of the muscle between the origin and
the insertion

54
Q

A group of muscles working together are

55
Q

A muscle or group of muscles that oppose
muscle actions are

A

antagonists

56
Q

Skeletal muscle attachments have an origin and
an insertion, with the ___ being the
attachment at the least mobile location.

57
Q

muscles are named according to

A

location
size
shape
orientation of fasicles
origin and insertion
number of heads
function

58
Q

elevate ribs for inspiration

A

external intercostals

59
Q

depress ribs during forced expiration

A

internal intercostals

60
Q

moves during quiet breathing

61
Q
  • center of abdomen
  • compresses abdomen
A

rectus abdominis

62
Q
  • sides of abdomen
  • compresses abdomen
A

external abdominal oblique

63
Q
  • compresses abdomen
A

internal abdominal oblique

64
Q
  • compresses abdomen
A

transverse abdominis

65
Q
  • shoulders and upper back
  • extends neck and head
66
Q
  • chest
  • elevates ribs
A

pectoralis major

67
Q
  • between ribs
  • elevates ribs
A

serratus anterior

68
Q
  • shoulder
  • abductor or upper limbs
69
Q
  • 3 heads
  • extends elbow
A

triceps brachii

70
Q
  • “flexing muscle”
  • flexes elbow and shoulder
A

biceps brachii

71
Q
  • flexes elbow
A

brachialis

72
Q
  • lower back
  • extends shoulder
A

latissimus dorsi

73
Q
  • flexes hip
A

illiopsoas

74
Q
  • buttocks
  • extends hip and abducts thigh
A

gluteus maximus

75
Q
  • Hip
  • abducts and rotates thigh
A

gluteus medius

76
Q

quadriceps femoris is comprised of 4 thigh muscles

A

rectus femoris
vastus lateralis
vastus medialis
vastus intermedius

77
Q
  • adducts thigh and flexes knee
78
Q
  • Hamstring
  • back of thigh
  • flexes knee, rotates leg, extends hip
A

Biceps femoris, semimembranosus,
semitendinosus

79
Q
  • front of lower leg
  • inverts foot
A

tibialis anterior

80
Q
  • calf
  • flexes foot and leg
A

gastrocnemius

81
Q
  • attaches to ankle
  • flexes foot
82
Q

4 energy of muscle contractions

A
  1. Aerobic production of ATP during most
    exercise and normal conditions.
  2. Anaerobic production of ATP during
    intensive short-term work
  3. Conversion of a molecule called creatine
    phosphate to ATP
  4. Conversion of two ADP to one ATP and one
    AMP (adenosine monophosphate) during
    heavy exercise

Pharmacy (8 decks)

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