HPP LEC Chap 1 Flashcards
the scientific discipline that investigates the structure of the body
Anatomy
the study of the body by systems
Systemic Anatomy
the study of the organization of the body by areas
Regional Anatomy
the study of external features
Surface Anatomy
involves the use of x-ray, MRI, and other technologies to create pictures of internal features
Anatomical Imaging
the scientific discipline that deals with the processes or functions of living things
Physiology
studies the human organism
Human Physiology
involves how atoms interact and combine into molecules
Chemical Level
the basic unit of life
Cells
looks like compartments and has organelles that have specific functions
Cellular Level
group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them
Tissue Level
composed of two or more tissue types that together perform one or more common functions
Organ Level
a group of organs classified as a unit because of a common function
Organ System Level
any living thing considered as a whole
Organism Level
refers to the specific relationship of the many individual parts of an organism
Organization
the ability to use energy to perform vital functions
Metabolism
the ability of an organism to sense changes in the environment and make the adjustments that help maintain its life
Responsiveness
refers to an increase in size of all or part of the organism
Growth
includes the changes an organism undergoes through time
Development
change in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized
Differentiation
the existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body despite fluctuations in the environment
Homeostatis
measure of body properties that may change in value
Variables
normal or average value of a variable
Set point
maintain body temperature near an average normal value
Homeostatic mechanism
body temperature increases or decreases slightly around the set point
Normal range
the main mechanism used homeostatic regulation
Negative Feedback
deviation away from set point
Detection
reversal of deviation toward set point and normal range
Correction
monitors the value of variable
Receptor
determines the set point for the variable and receives input from the receptor
Control center
can change the value of the variable when directed by the control center
Effector
a changed variable that initiates homeostatic mechanism
Stimulus
occur when the initial stimulus further stimulates the reponse
Positive Feedback
refers to a person standing upright with the face directed forward, the upper limb hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward
Anatomical Position
lying face upward
Supine
lying face downward
Prone
used as directional terms in anatomical terminology
Right and Left
used to refer for above or up
Superior
used to refer for below or down
Inferior
used to refer for front
Anterior
used to refer for back
Posterior
means belly
Ventral
means back
Dorsal
means nearest
Proximal
means distant
Distal
means toward the midline
Medial
means away from the midline
Lateral
refers to a structure close to the surface of the body
Superficial
toward the interior of the body
Deep
head, neck, trunk
Central region
arm, forearm, wrist, hand
Upper limb
thigh, leg, ankle, foot
Lower limb
runs vertically through the body and separates it into right and left parts
Sagittal plane
a sagittal plane that passes through the midline of the body, dividing it into equal halves
Median plane
runs parallel to the surface of the ground, dividing the body intro superior and inferior parts
Transverse plane (horizontal plane)
runs vertically from right to left and divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
Frontal plane (coronal plane)
a cut along the length of the organ
Longitudinal section
cuts completely through an organ
Transverse section (cross section)
a cut that is made diagonally across the long axis
Oblique section
a space between chest wall and diaphragm. Surrounded by the rib cage and is separated from the abdominal cavity
Thoracic cavity
space between lungs. It is divided into right and left parts by a center structure
Mediastinum
space between diaphragm and pelvis. Bounded primarily by the abdominal muscles
Abdominal cavity
space within the pelvis. A small space enclosed by the bones of the pelvis
Pelvic cavity
line the trunk cavities and cover the organs of these cavities
Serous Membrane
covers the organ, or inner membrane
Visceral serous membrane
outer membrane
Parietal serous membrane
fluid-filled space between the membranes
Cavity
surrounds the heart
Pericardial cavity
covers each of the lungs
Pleural cavity
covers many of the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity
Peritoneal cavity
cover the heart
Visceral pericardium
covers the lungs
Visceral pleura
covers the abdominopelvic cavity and its organ
Visceral peritoneum
forms the outer layer of the sac around the heart
Parietal pericardium
the inner surface of the thoracic wall
Parietal pleura
lines the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity and the inferior surface of the diaphragm
Parietal peritoneum
inflammation of the pericardium
Pericarditis
inflammation of the pleura
Pleurisy
inflammation of the peritoneum
Peritonitis
inflammation of the appendix that is usually caused by a bacterial infection
Appendicitis
consist of two layers of peritoneum fused together
Mesenteries
found behind the parietal peritoneum
Retroperitoneal
