HPP LEC Chap 2 Flashcards
anything that occupies space and has mass
Matter
the amount of matter in an object
Mass
results from the gravitational attraction between the earth and an object
Weight
the simplest type of matter
Element
smallest particle of an element that has the chemical characteristics of that element
Atom
the number of protons in each atom of an element
Atomic number
the number of protons and neutrons
Mass number
the interaction between atoms to form molecules by either sharing or transferring
Chemical bond
forms when an electron is transferred between atoms, creating oppositely charged ions
Ionic bonding
forms when atoms share one or more pairs of electors
Covalent bonding
the ability of the atom’s nucleus to pull electrons toward it
Electronegativity
the tendency of atoms to combine with other atoms until each has 8 electrons in its valence shell
Octet rule
the outermost layer
Valence shell
energy levels
Electron shell
sharing of one pair of electrons
Single covalent bond
when two atoms share two pairs of electron
Double covalent bond
when there is an unequal sharing of electrons
Polar covalent bond
when there is an equal sharing of electrons
Nonpolar covalent bond
the positive end of one polar molecule can be weakly attracted to the negative end of another polar molecule
Hydrogen bond
a substance resulting from the chemical combination of two or more different types of atoms
Compound
formed when two or more atoms chemically combine to form a structure that behaves as an independent unit
Molecule
the separation of ions in an ionic compound by polar water molecules
Dissociation
the formation or breaking of chemical bonds between atoms
Chemical reactions
substance that enter into a chemical reaction
Reactant
substance that result from the chemical reaction
Product
when two or more reactants combine to form a larger, more complex product
Synthesis reaction
consist of adenosine and three phosphate group. It is synthesized when adenosine diphosphate combines with a phosphate group
Adenosine Triphosphate
all of the synthesis reaction that occur in the body
Anabolism
reactants are broken down into smaller, less complex products
Decomposition reaction
decomposition reaction that occur in the body
Catabolism
reaction that use water
Hydrolysis reaction
water is also a product
Dehydration reaction
a combination of a decomposition reaction and a synthesis reaction
Exchange reaction
the reaction can run in the opposite direction, so that the products are converted back to the original reactants
Reversible reaction
when the rate of product formation is equal to the rate of reactant formation
Equilibrium
defined as the capacity to do work
Energy
to move matter
Work
stored energy
Potential energy
form of energy that does work
Kinetic energy
a form of potential energy stored in chemical bonds
Chemical energy
energy resulting from the position or movement of objects
Mechanical energy
the rate at which a chemical reaction proceeds is influenced by several factors
- Concentration of the reactants
- Temperature
- Catalyst
the higher the concentration of reactants, the faster the rate
Concentration of the reactants
the higher the temperature, the faster the rate
Temperature
increases the rate of a reaction without being permanently changed or depleted
Catalyst
a proton donor
Acid
if blood pH drops below 7.35
Acidosis
Normal pH range for human blood
7.35 - 7.45
if blood rises above 7.45
Alkalosis
a compound consisting of a positive ion and a negative ion
Salt
a chemical that resists changes in pH when either acid or base is added
Buffer
deals with those substances that do not contain carbon
Inorganic chemistry
the study of carbon-containing substances
Organic chemistry
a small, nonpolar, inorganic molecule
Oxygen
consist of one carbon atom bound to two oxygen atoms
Carbon dioxide
an inorganic molecule consist of one atom of oxygen joined by polar covalent bonds to two atoms of hydrogen
Water
Unique properties that contribute to its critical functions for living organisms
- Stabilizing body temperature
- Providing protection
- Facilitating chemical reactions
- Transporting substances
4 major groups of organic molecules essential to living organisms
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
simplest carbohydrates or the building blocks of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen
Carbohydrates
substances that dissolve in nonpolar solvents
Lipids
important energy-storage molecules
Fats
building blocks of fats
Glycerol and fatty acids
groups found in glycerol
hydroxyl group and carboxyl group
single covalent bond between carbon atoms
Saturated
one or more double covalent bonds between carbon atoms
Unsaturated
unsaturated fats that have been chemically altered
Trans fats
composed of a polar region containing phosphate and a nonpolar region consisting of two fatty acids
Phospholids
a group of important chemicals derived from fatty acids
Eicosanoids
composed of carbon atoms bound together into four ringlike structure
Steroids
an important steroid
Cholesterol
contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
Proteins
building blocks of proteins
Amino acids
occurs when the hydrogen bonds that maintain shape of a protein are broken and the protein becomes nonfunctional
Protein denaturation
a protein catalyst that increases the rate at which a chemical reaction proceeds without it being permanently changed
Enzyme
large molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus
Nucleic acid
the genetic material of cells
Deoxyribonucleic acid
exist in three forms that are important for protein synthesis
Ribonucleic acid
building block of nucleic acid
Nucleotides
an important organic molecule found in all living organisms, and is often called the energy currency of cells
Adenosine Triphosphate
