HOW URBAN PLANNING WORKS CZ.2 Flashcards
City Beautiful was characterized by the belief that if you …………. form, ………. would follow
Improved;
Function
komunalny
Municipal
“Municipal art”
- Magnificent parks
- Highly designed buildings
- places with fountains and monuments
zasada
Principle
Burnham dream city was known as a …… City
White
White City featured …
- …..
- …..
- …..
- large scale monuments
- electric lights
- state-of-the-art transport systems
1906 Burnham teamed up with Edward Bennett to prepare the ……. … …….
Plan of Chicago
Plan of Chicago
- better accommodate
- regular traffic
- integrated park system
Burnham used Paris as a ……………. ………… ….. ……. ……………..
successful model of urban planning
Urban planning basics - by creating (……………..) environments:
- ………………
- ………………
- ………………
- ………………
- ………………
- convenient
- equitable
- healthful
- efficient
- attractive
urban planners must consider ……………. ……… ………….. of a city as they map out their programs
three key aspects
three key aspects:
- …….
- …….
- ……
- The physical environment
- The social environment
- The economic environment
The physical environment, includes its:
- ……..
- ……..
- ……..
- location
- climate
- proximity to sources of food and water
Drinking water is so crucial, many cities are founded at the head of a ……. or at the …… …….
river;
fall line
fall line
the point where rivers descend from the regions of older, harder rocks toward the softer sediments of the coastal plain
Planners must often consider an area’s ……………. ……………. to understand the full character of a city
geologic history
zlodowacenie kontynentalne
continental glaciation
New York City - geologic history:
- …….
- …….
- …….
- mountain ranges formed and were worn away
- Seaways came and went
- continental glaciation covered the area with ice sheets that eventually retreated
Przez ten wielki okres czasu
Over this great span of time
The social environment, includes:
- ……….
- ……….
- ………
- ……….
- the groups to which a city’s residents belong,
- the neighborhoods in which they live
- the organization of its workplaces
- the policies created to impose order
The economic environment:
- ……..
- ……..
- support the retention and expansion of existing local businesses
- promote local arts and creative industries in order to sustain a city’s cultural vitality.
local businesses play strong roles in a ….. ………….
city’s economy
urban planners must do a great deal of …………. and ……………. to fully understand how the physical, social and economic aspects of a city interact
research;
analysis
urban planners study:
- ………
- ………..
- ……..
- ………
- ………
- The current use of land for residential, business and community purposes
- The locations and capacity of streets, highways, airports, water and sewer
- The types of industries embedded in the community
- The characteristics of the population
- Employment and economic trends
THE MASTER PLAN
It’s prepared by ……………… of city for ……… …………
department;
big cities
A typical master plan include:
- ……….
- ………
- ………
- ……..
- ………
- ……..
- Transportation and traffic
- Community facilities
- Parks and open space
- Neighborhoods and housing
- Economic development
- Land use
Transportation and traffic: A good master plan takes all of a city’s transportation ……………. into account.
A transportation corridor is any channel along which ……….. and ………… move from place to place
corridors;
people;
goods
Community facilities: Cities support an array of community facilities that satisfy its demand for social and cultural ……………….
These include public and charter schools, police and fire departments and community centers
enrichment
Obiekty użyteczności publicznej
Community facilities
Parks and open space: Parks and open spaces are ……. to cities because they serve as the ……… points of neighborhoods and often have community and cultural facilities grouped ……… …………..
vital;
focal;
around them
punkty ogniskowe
focal points
Neighborhoods and housing
Although they have unique characteristics, neighborhoods in vibrant cities are interconnected and enjoy a dynamic exchange of commuters, ideas and influences. Successful neighborhoods also emphasize community, livability and safety for all residents
Economic development:
how a city’s design can be enhanced to attract new businesses and protect existing businesses. For example, a plan might call for redevelopment of a downtown area to include a public market and a conference/convention center, with the goal of better serving the city.
Land use
The major land use recommendations presented in a master plan result from analysis of a city’s environmental and physical conditions, as well as the planner’s vision for future growth. A map of future land use is generally included and makes recommendations about land set aside for parks and open space; residential areas; commercial, office and industrial uses; civic and institutional uses; and mixed-use areas.
Criticisms of Urban Planning
focusing only on aesthetics with no regard for human ……….
But today, such criticisms are largely ……………….. because urban planners take a much more holistic approach to community development. They look far beyond ………. to consider the environmental, economic and social health …….. that affect a community as it grows and changes.
welfare;
unfounded;
aesthetics;
issues
Unfortunately, as the complexity of urban planning has increased, so have the length of time and costs required to complete the process.
planning process takes too long, the solutions it proposes may be obsolete before they’re fully ……………
implemented
One of the most influential critiques of modern urban planning came in 1961 by ….. ………. Her book, “Death and Life of Great American Cities,” blasted 20th century urban planning and proposed radically new …….. for rebuilding cities:
Jane Jacobs;
principles
Jane Jacobs - plan:
- …………
- ………..
- ………..
- ……….
- …………
- Cities as ecosystems
- Mixed-use development
- Bottom-up community planning
- The case for higher density
- Local economies
- Cities as ecosystems
Jacobs compared cities to living things that change over time as they interact with their environment. If the city is the organism, then the sidewalks, parks, streets and neighborhoods are the various systems, each with a different function but tightly and seamlessly integrated.
- Mixed-use development:
Jacobs saw diversity as an absolute requirement for healthy, vibrant urban communities. Diversity didn’t just refer to populations. Jacobs also felt that buildings should vary in age, condition, use and rentals. In such an environment, people of different ages and backgrounds use different parts of the city at different times of the day, making the city vital and healthy around the clock, not just during business hours.
- Bottom-up community planning:
Jacobs felt that planners didn’t rely enough on local expertise. How could an outsider, she argued, know the real-life needs of a neighborhood better than the people who actually lived there? In the Jacobian planning model, residents are highly involved in the entire development process.
- The case for higher density
While conventional wisdom suggested that densely populated neighborhoods led to crime and squalor, Jacobs called for even more density. She believed that diverse and highly concentrated populations of people, including residents, promote visible city life and help to combat the homogeneity that ultimately leads to dullness.
- Local economies
Jacobs developed a model of local economic development based on revitalizing old businesses, promoting small businesses and supporting entrepreneurs, as opposed to replacing smaller, less-profitable businesses with large, stable corporations. In fact, her approach to economic development is just another way a city can maintain diversity. Having a variety of businesses forms the base for diversity in a specific district and has a cross-effect on the diversity of other localities by providing affluent residents and patrons needed for mutual support.
As long as people live in cities, there will be a need for …….. ……………
urban planning
