How Do We Learn.?

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

The process of acquiring through experience new information or behaviors

Question 2

Associative learning

Answer 2

Learning that certain events occur together

Question 3

Stimulus

Answer 3

Any event or situation to evokes a response.

Question 4

Respondent behavior

Answer 4

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimuli.

Question 5

Operant behavior

Answer 5

Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences.

Question 6

Cognitive learning

Answer 6

The acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language.

Question 7

Classical conditioning

Answer 7

A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.

Question 8

Behaviorism

Answer 8

The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes.

Question 9

Neutral stimulus (NS)

Answer 9

In classical Conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before Conditioning

Question 10

Unconditioned response (UR)

Answer 10

In classical Conditioning, an unlearned naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 11

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

Answer 11

In classical Conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically-triggers an unconditioned response (UR)

Question 12

Conditioned response (CR)

Answer 12

In classical Conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.

Question 13

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Answer 13

I’m classical Conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US) comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR)

Question 14

Acquisition

Answer 14

In classical Conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant Conditioning, the strengthening of reinforced response.

Question 15

High-order Conditioning

Answer 15

A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one Conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might the learn that a light predicts the tone and begins responding to the light alone.

Question 16

Extinction

Answer 16

The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical Conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant Conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.

Question 17

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 17

The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.

Question 18

Generalization

Answer 18

The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.

Question 19

Discrimination

Answer 19

In classical Conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 20

Operant Conditioning

Answer 20

A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by punisher.

Question 21

Law of effect

Answer 21

Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.

Question 22

Operant chamber

Answer 22

In operant Conditioning research, a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforced; attached devices record the animals rate of bar pressing or bar pecking.

Question 23

Reinforcement

Answer 23

In operant Conditioning, any events that strengthens the behavior it follows.

Question 24

Shaping

Answer 24

An operant Conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.

Question 25

Positive reinforcement

Answer 25

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

Question 26

Negative reinforcement

Answer 26

Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response.

Question 27

Primary reinforcer

Answer 27

An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need.

Question 28

Conditioned reinforcer

Answer 28

A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also know as a secondary reinforcer.

Question 29

Reinforcement schedule

Answer 29

A pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced.

Question 30

Continuous reinforcement schedule

Answer 30

Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.

Question 31

Partial reinforcement schedule

Answer 31

Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement.

Question 32

Fixed ratio schedule

Answer 32

In operant Conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.

Question 33

Variable ratio scheduling

Answer 33

In operant Conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.

Question 34

Fixed interval schedule

Answer 34

In operant Conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only at a specified time has elapsed.

Question 35

Punishment

Answer 35

An event that tends to decrease the behavior it follows.

Question 36

Variable interval schedule

Answer 36

In operant Conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

Question 37

Cognitive map

Answer 37

A mental representation of the layout of Ines environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a convicted map of it.

Question 38

Latent learning

Answer 38

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.

Question 39

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 39

A desire to preform a behavior effectively for its own sake.

Question 40

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 40

A desire to perform a behavior to re is easy promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment.

Question 41

Observational leaning

Answer 41

Learning by observing others

Question 42

Modeling

Answer 42

The process of observing and imitating specific behavior

Question 43

Mirror neurons

Answer 43

Frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brains mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation and empathy.

Question 44

Pro social behavior

Answer 44

Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior