Chapter 8 Studying And Encoding Memories

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.

Question 2

Recall

Answer 2

A message of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-blank test.

Question 3

Recognition

Answer 3

A measure memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test.

Question 4

Relearning

Answer 4

A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again.

Question 5

Encoding

Answer 5

The processing of information into the memory system.

Question 6

Storage

Answer 6

The process of retaining encoded information over time.

Question 7

Retrieval

Answer 7

The process of getting information out of memory storage.

Question 8

Parallel processing

Answer 8

The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brains natural mode of information processing for many functions.

Question 9

Sensory memory

Answer 9

The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.

Question 10

Short term memory

Answer 10

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while calling, before the information is stored or forgotten.

Question 11

Long term memory

Answer 11

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

Question 12

Working memory

Answer 12

A newer understanding of short term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long term memory

Question 13

Explicit memory

Answer 13

Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare.

Question 14

Effortful processing

Answer 14

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

Question 15

Automatic processing

Answer 15

Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.

Question 16

Implicit memory

Answer 16

Retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection.

Question 17

Iconic memory

Answer 17

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli.

Question 18

Echoic memory

Answer 18

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli.

Question 19

Chunking

Answer 19

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units.

Question 20

Mnemonics

Answer 20

Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

Question 21

Spacing effect

Answer 21

The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.

Question 22

Testing effect

Answer 22

Enhanced memory after retrieving, instead of just re reading information.

Question 23

Shallow processing

Answer 23

Encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words.

Question 24

Deep processing

Answer 24

Encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words.

Question 25

Hippocampus

Answer 25

A neural center located in the limbic system, helps process explicit memories for storage.

Question 26

Memory consolidation

Answer 26

The neural storage of a long term memory

Question 27

Flashbulb memory

Answer 27

A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.

Question 28

Long term potential LTP

Answer 28

An increase in a cells firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.

Question 29

Priming

Answer 29

The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory.

Question 30

Encoding specificity principle

Answer 30

The idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it.

Question 31

Mood congruent memory

Answer 31

The tendency to recall memories that coincide with your current good or bad mood.

Question 32

Serial position effect

Answer 32

Our tendency to recall the best and the last and the first items in a list.

Question 33

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 33

An inability to form new memories

Question 34

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 34

An inability to retrieve information from your past.

Question 35

Proactive interference

Answer 35

The forward acting disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.

Question 36

Retroactive interference

Answer 36

The backwards acting disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.

Question 37

Repression

Answer 37

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.

Question 38

Reconsolidation

Answer 38

A process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again.

Question 39

Misinformation effect

Answer 39

When misleading information has corrupted one’s memory of an event.

Question 40

Source amnesia

Answer 40

Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined.

Question 41

Deja vu

Answer 41

The eerie sense that you have been here before. Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.