Chapter 4- Evolutionary-Culture Influential

Question 1

Evolutionary psychology

Answer 1

The study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection.

Question 2

Natural selection

Answer 2

The principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.

Question 3

Mutation

Answer 3

A random error in gene replication that leads to a change.

Question 4

Social script

Answer 4

Culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations.

Question 5

Interaction

Answer 5

The interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity)

Question 6

Social script

Answer 6

Culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations.

Question 7

Culture

Answer 7

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation.

Question 8

Norm

Answer 8

An understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe “proper” behavior.

Question 9

Individualism

Answer 9

Giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather then group identifications.

Question 10

Collectivism

Answer 10

Giving priority to the goals of one’s group (often one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identify accordingly.

Question 11

Sex

Answer 11

In psychology, the biologically influenced characteristics by which people define males and females.

Question 12

Gender

Answer 12

In psychology, the socially influenced characteristics by which people define men and women.

Question 13

Aggression

Answer 13

A physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally.

Question 14

Relational aggression

Answer 14

An act of aggression (physical or verbal) intended to harm a person’s relationship or social standing.

Question 15

X chromosomes

Answer 15

The sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two X chromosomes; males have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female.

Question 16

Y chromosome

Answer 16

The sex chromosome found only in males. When paired an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child.

Question 17

Testosterone

Answer 17

The most important of male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs during the fetal period, and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

Question 18

Puberty

Answer 18

The period of sexual maturation, when a person becomes capable of reproducing.

Question 19

Primary sex characteristics

Answer 19

The body structures that make sexual reproduction possible.

Question 20

Secondary sexual characteristics

Answer 20

Non reproductive sexual traits, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair.

Question 21

Spermarche

Answer 21

First ejaculation

Question 22

Menarche

Answer 22

The first menstrual period

Question 23

Disorder of sexual development

Answer 23

An inherited condition that involves unusual development of sex chromosomes and anatomy

Question 24

Role

Answer 24

A set of expectations about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.

Question 25

Gender role

Answer 25

A set of expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits for males or for females.

Question 26

Gender identity

Answer 26

Our since of being male, female, or a combination of the two.

Question 27

Social learning theory

Answer 27

The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished.

Question 28

Gender typing

Answer 28

The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.

Question 29

Androgyny

Answer 29

Displaying both male and female psychological characteristics.

Question 30

Transgender

Answer 30

An umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex.