How do Organisms Reproduce- mesnturation and contraception

Question 1

how long does unfertilised egg live

Answer 1

If the egg is not fertilised, it lives for about one day. S

Question 2

how does uterus prepare itself

Answer 2

Since the ovary
releases one egg every month, the uterus also prepares itself every month
to receive a fertilised egg. Thus its lining becomes thick and spongy.
This would be required for nourishing the embryo if fertilisation had
taken place.

Question 3

define menstruation

Answer 3

the breakdown and shedding of the inner thick soft lining of the uterus along with its blood vessels and mucuous through the vagina is called menstruation.It lasts for about 2-8 days.

Question 4

define menarche

Answer 4

the first occurence of mesntruation in an adolscent girl is called as the menarche. It happens around 12 years of age. It occurence depends upon overall health and diet.

Question 5

what is menopause

Answer 5

the period of the complete cessation of menstruation in women is called as the menopause. it typically occurs between 45-55 years of age. The age depends mainly on genetics. It also marks the end of the reproductive phase of a woman.

Question 6

what are the stages in a menstrual cycle

Answer 6

period-1-5 days
-shedding of uterine lining through vagina

follicular phase- 6-11 days
-the follicle is developig to form graafian follicle

fertile window-11-16 days
-release of ovum into fallopian tube, ovulationoccurs on 14th day

luteal phase- 17-28days
-formation of corpus lutuem which secrets estrogen and progesterone.-the uterine wall becmes thicker to support embryo.

Question 7

define contraception

Answer 7

: It is the avoidance of pregnancy, which can be achieved by preventing the fertilisation of ova.

Question 8

what is reproductive health

Answer 8

Reproductive health is all those aspects of general health which help a person to lead a normal, safe and satisfying reproductive
life.

Question 9

what are std?

Answer 9

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) are the diseases which spread by sexual contact from an infected person to
a healthy person. Some common STDs are Gonorrhoea, syphilis, warts, HIV-AIDS.

Question 10

what are birth control methods

Answer 10

There are different methods which are developed to prevent and control pregnancy such
as mechanical methods, chemical methods, oral pills and surgical methods. These are also known as methods of
contraception.

Question 11

whatare mechanical means of contraception

Answer 11

It is using mechanical means to prevent pregnancy.
i) condom
it is a rubber sheath covering the penis which prevents the sperm from enterigng vagina. It also prevents spreading of veneral diseases.

ii)femidom
it is a plastic sheath placed inside the vagina that preventsthe entry of sperm into the vagina. It helps prevent sexually transmitted disesse

iii) diaphragm
it is a dome shaped rubber barrier fitted in the cervix by doc. it prvents entry of sperm into cervix.

iv) intrauterine device
it is a plastic coated copper coil places inside surgically inserted into the wall of uterus. It prevnts implantation of blastula

Question 12

what are chemical methods of contraception

Answer 12

using chemical means
i)contraception pill
it ocntains estrogen and progesterone which prevent ovulation. only progesterone will prevent implantation of blastula

by changing the hormonal balance of the body so that eggs are not
released and fertilisation cannot occur. These drugs commonly need
to be taken orally as pills

ii) spermicidal
kills the sperm inside the vagina, it is should be used with another device like condom/diaphrgam

Question 13

what are surgical means of contraception

Answer 13

sugrical means
i) Vasectomy
surgical method in which a small portion of the vas deferens is cut and tied. done in males. prevents sperm from testis from reachign the urethra

ii) tubectomy
sugrical method in whcih a small portion of oviduct/fallopian tube is cut and tied. done in females. it prevents the egg from ovary to reach the uterus.

Question 14

disadvantages of contraception

Answer 14

-pills lead to hormonal imbalance which can lead to certain side effects
-iud’s can cause side effects due to irritation of uterus
-surgical methods can cause problems like infections if surgery is not performed properly.

Question 15

how is surgery being misused

Answer 15

Surgery can
also be used for removal of unwanted pregnancies. These may be
misused by people who do not want a particular child, as happens in
illegal sex-selective abortion of female foetuses. For a healthy society,
the female-male sex ratio must be maintained. Because of reckless
female foeticides, child sex ratio is declining at an alarming rate in
some sections of our society, although prenatal sex determination has
been prohibited by law.

Question 16

why are birth control methods followeD?

Answer 16

i)to prevent unwanted preganancies. Pregnancy has adverse effects on the mother’s physical and mental health.
-ii)to maintain economic stability of the family. If there are too many children there may not be enough resources for each of them,
iii) to regulate numbers of population. High population causes poor standards of living

Question 17

why should population be regulated?

Answer 17

to maintain economic stability of family and society, so as to ensure the availability of resources like food,water. Land area is limited.
It is done to ensure good standard of living for all.

Question 18

Explain the meaning of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Give two examples of STDs each, caused due to (i) bacterial infection and (ii) viral infection. State in brief how the spread of such diseases may be prevented.

Answer 18

STD stands for Sexually Transmitted Disease. These diseases transmitted during sexual intercourse. In most cases, the symptoms are burning sensation on urination and urethral discharge.

STDS caused due to

(i)Bacterial infection

Gonorrhea

Syphilis

(ii)Viral infection

AIDS
Warts
Herpes

The spread of these diseases can be prevented by advocating the use of condoms.

Question 19

What is menstrual cycle

Answer 19

The cycle of events taking place in the ovaries and the uterus every 28 days and is marked by the menstrual flow is called menstrual cycle

Question 20

How does AIDS spread? How can it be prevented

Answer 20

Spread
i) sexual contact with an infected person
2. Transfusions of blood from infected
3. Using the infected needles
4. From placenta from mother to child during pregnancy

Prevention
1. Using mechanical barriers like condom
2. Avoiding sharing of needles
3. Testing blood for aids bfr transfusion
4. Avoiding sexual jntercourse with unknown

Question 21

what are factors that lead to spread of stds

Answer 21

->from infected mother giving birth to child
-> beastfeeding of mother to child
-> sexual intercourse with infected person
->sharing of needles with infected persion

Question 22

why is hiv-aids called a syndrome?

Answer 22

HIV virus spreads to lymph nodes and it blocks our immune system. This creates a condition where our body cannot fight minor diseases like the common cold.

A person with HIV can get pneumonia from the common cold, a minor gut infection may turn into severe diarrhoea. In HIV a person will not have specific symptoms rather he will have a series of infections due hence HIV is called as a syndrome, not a disease.