Control and Coordination-BRAIN HOTS

Question 1

layres of brain protection>?

Answer 1

-skin
-periosteum- vascularises the skull
-cranium- skull bony part which protects the brain
-meninges- three membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord
-dura mater- toughest outermost layer
-arachnoid mater-middle, it like a wave shaped cushion
pia mater- last and rishly supplied with blood vesel.

Question 2

what are the parts of forebrain and respective functions

Answer 2

-cerebrum- largest part of forebrain
-it manages and processes all the sensory information from our senses. visual, audotry olfactory gustatory and touch signals.
-It controls speech, writing and reading
- it is controls our working memory
- it is resonpinsble for logic, reasoning and learning
-thalamus-relay station
-sorts the different sensory information and sends it to different parts of cerebrum except smell.
-hypothalamus- controls the pituiatry gland
-regulates temperature and senses pain, pressure pleasure, etc

Question 3

what is function of midbrain

Answer 3

-controld certain involuntary activities
-all visual and auditory signals are relayed to it
-controls reflex actions of neck and head with the help of visual.audotry signals relayed to it

Question 4

what are the parts of hind-brain, location and function

Answer 4

pons: it is the latin word for bridge
it connects the fore brain and hindbrain (cerebrum to cerebellum)\
it is present above the medulla and below midbrain
its functions are to control sleep-wake cycle, muscle toning, motor control

medulla oblongata: it is found at the base od hindbrain
- it connects the brain to the spinal cord
-it controls all the involuntary actions in our body which are very important for survival like blood pressure regulation, heartbeat, peristalsis, digestion, respiration etc.

cerebellum: it is found behind the brainstem, at the base of skull
-controls and coordinates activities from both sides of the body
-maintains balance of body

Question 5

what is the corpus callosum

Answer 5

The brain is divided into 2- left and right. It is seperated by a tissue called corpus callosum. This tissue helps in coordinating information between two sides of the brain. The left side of the brain controls right side of body. Right side of the brain controls left side of the body.

Question 6

compare the arrangement of neurons in the brain and spinal cord.

Answer 6

brain
-inner portion consist of white matter(axons)
- outer portion consist of gray matter made up of dendrites to receive information from all the organs of the body

spinal cord
-inner portion consists of gray matter( dendrites)
-outer portion consists of white matter made up of axons to send out messages.

Question 7

why does an intoxicated person not walk properly?

Answer 7

This is because alcohol directly affects the cerebellum which is responsible for maintaining the balance of body.

Question 8

Although both the endocrine system and the nervous system are both regulatory, there are a few fundamental differences. explain

Answer 8

For one, the endocrine system uses chemical signaling (hormones, produced by glands) while the nervous system uses electrical signaling (neural impulses). The signal transmission of the nervous system is fast because neurons are interconnected, but the functions are more short-lived. Signal transmission in the endocrine system is slow, since hormones must travel through the bloodstream, but the responses tend to last longer.

Question 9

what are types of responses

Answer 9

(a) Voluntary:actions that are consciously under our countrol.
Controlled by fore brain for e.g., talking, writing.

(b) Involuntary: actions that we unconsciously do and have no control over.
Controlled by mid and hind brain for e.g., heartbeat, vomiting, respiration.

(c) Reflex action:Involuntary action done as a rapid response to a stimulus to minimise harm to the body from potentially harmful situations.
Controlled by spinal cord for e.g., withdrawal of hand on touching a hot object.

Question 10

define homeostasis

Answer 10

It refers to the state of equilibrium of the body. All the cells work together to execute functions in such a way that it together ensures the survival of the organism.

Question 11

what are parathyroid glands?

Answer 11

-> small glands found on the thyroid glands
-> produce the hormone- parathormone
-regulate blood calcium and phosphate levels

Question 12

what is thymus glands and functiion?

Answer 12

-> located below the neck but in the upper region of the chest
->produces the thymus hormone which develops the immune system
->it is large during childhood, but as person grows older the gland shrinks

Question 13

what is the pineal gland/

Answer 13

-> small gland located in the brain
-secretes melatonin
-> regulates the body’s natural circadian rhythm.

Question 14

difference between nervous and hormonal mechanism

Answer 14

nervous mechanism
- transmission of messages through electrical impulses
-involves nervous system- brain,spinal cord and nerves
-the nervous impulses do not have a specific action, they help in the transferring of messages to and from diff parts of body and brain.
-signal transmission is extremely fast
-however, their effects are more short-lived

hormonal mechanism
-transmission of messages through hormones
-involves endocrine system-endocrine glands and hormones
-the hormones have a specific function. One type of hormone performs a certain function like insulin only function is the regulate the blood sugar level by helping decrease it.
-signal transmission is slow
-effects arelast longer

Question 15

How is the endocrine system able to maintain hormonal concentration in the body?

Answer 15

Hypothalamus is responsible for maintaining the balance of hormones in the body. When any hormone is secreted in large amounts, a signal is sent by the hypothalamus to the secreting gland to lower its secretion.
Whereas when the amount of any hormone is less, hypothalamus sends a signal to the respective gland to increase its functioning.

Question 16

Define feedback mechanism

Answer 16

Normal functioning of endocrine glands and regulation of level of hormones is called feedback mechanism

Question 17

Define nerve impulse

Answer 17

The information passing through neurons in the form of chemical and electrical signals is called nerve impulse

Question 18

Control me. Oordinatiom

Answer 18

https://www.toppr.com/ask/en-ae/question/nervous-and-hormonal-systems-together-perform-the-function-of-control-and-coordination-in-human-beings/

Nervous and hormonal system together perform the function of control and coordination
in human beings. Let us take an example, in the case of any emergency, stimulus is being
perceived by CNS (Central nervous system). The stimulus is analysed and the response is
sent to the effectors. Simultaneously, sympathetic nerves stimulate adrenal gland to release
adrenaline which regulates blood pressure, increases heartbeat, constricts blood vessels and
dilates pupil, etc. So, both nervous and endocrine systems interact and overcome the crisis
together.

Question 19

Why is the flow of signals in a synapse from axonal end of one neuron to dendritic end of another neuron but not the reverse?

Answer 19

When an electrical signal reaches the axonal end of a neuron, it releases a chemical substance. This chemical diffuses towards the dendrite end of next neuron where it generates an electrical impulse or signal. Hence, the electrical signal is converted into a chemical signal at the axonal end. Since these chemicals are absent at the dendrite end of the neuron the electrical signal, cannot be converted into chemical signal.

Question 20

Plants do not have any nervous system but yet, if we touch a sensitive plant, some
observable changes take place in its leaves. Explain how could this plant respond to the
external stimuli and how it is communicated.

Answer 20

The changes in the leaves of the sensitive plant when touched is due to the difference in the
turgor pressure. When leaf of the sensitive plant is touched, the electrical-chemical signal
conveys the information from cell to cell. Plants lack specialised tissues for conduction of
information and thus change the shape by changing the amount of water. Cells in the lower
half of the leaf lose water and become flaccid while cells in the upper half gains water and
become turgid.