Control and Coordination-3

Question 1

define glands

Answer 1

Glands are a collection of cells or an organ forming a pouch like structure. These are responsible for secreting or excreting substances.

Question 2

what are two types of glands

Answer 2

Exocrine glands secrete their substances through ducts onto your body’s surfaces. On the other hand, endocrine glands secrete their substances directly into your bloodstream.

Question 3

differentiate between endocrine and exocrine glands

Answer 3

Endocrine glands:
-Ductless glands. They are not attached to any duct for transport of substances.
-their secretions are called hormones
-They pour their secretions directly into the bloodstream
-ex: adrenal galnds, thyroid gland etc.

Exocrine Glands:
-Duct glands. Thye are attached with a specific duct for transport of sectrions.
- Their secretions are mucus, saliva etc.
- They secrete the substances into the outer surface of the body or into an internal organ through ducts
-ex: sweat glands, liver etc

Question 4

what are hormones ?

Answer 4

Hormones are molecules or chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands. These are secreted directly into the blood and have systemic action. These travel through the blood to distant organs and act on specific receptors in target tissue. Different hormones have different special mechanisms of action.

Question 5

What are the different endocrine glands in human body

Answer 5

-pituitary gland
-thyroid gland
-thymus
-pancreas
-adrenal glands
-ovaries
-testis

Question 6

Which brain structure forms the connection between the nervous and endocrine systems?

Answer 6

Hypothalamus

Hypothalamus plays an important role in the release of many hormones. For example, when the level of growth hormone is low, the hypothalamus releases growth hormone releasing factor which stimulates the pituitary gland to release growth hormone.

Question 7

Hormones are secreted by endocrine glands only? true or flase

Answer 7

False. Certain organs are both endocrine and exocrine.As an endocrine organ, the pancreas secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon. As an exocrine organ, it secretes several enzymes that are essential for digestion in the small intestine like trypsin for proteins, lypases for fats etc

Question 8

How does chemical coordination take place in animals?

Answer 8

Chemical coordination takes place in animals with the help of hormones.
2. Hormones are the chemical fluids that are secreted by the glands of the endocrine system in the bloodstream.
3. Hormones regulate the overall growth and development of animals.

Question 9

what are the hormones secreted by ovaries and their respective functions?

Answer 9

Estrogens produce wide ranging actions such as stimulation of growth and activities
of female secondary sex organs, development of growing ovarian follicles, appearance
of female secondary sex characters (e.g., high pitch of voice, etc.), mammary gland
development. Estrogens also regulate female sexual behaviour.

Progesterone supports pregnancy.

Question 10

what are the hormones secreted by testis and their functions

Answer 10

Testis secretes testosterone.
It is responsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics like growing facial hair, deepening of voice, developing pubic hair etc. It is also responsible for maturation of sperm and distrubution of muscle mass.

Question 11

what is thyroid gland where it is located?

Answer 11

The thyroid gland is present in front of the trachea on either sides. It has two lobes on either side of trachea which is connected by a thin flap of connective tissue called the isthmus.

Question 12

what are the functions of thyroid gland

Answer 12

-regulates the basal metabolic rate
- controls the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins
-regulates blood calcium levels
-supports the process of red blood cell formation

Question 13

what are the hormones secreted by the thyroid gland

Answer 13

Thyroid gland secretes tetraiodothyronine (T4 or thyroxin) and triiodothyronine.

Question 14

what will happen if we dont intake enough amounts of iodine in our diet

Answer 14

Iodine is necessary for the thyroid gland to make
thyroxin hormone. It is essential for the synthesis of the hormone. Lack of iodine may lead to goitre caused due to low amounts of thyroxin secreted. This leads to a swollen neck region due to enlargement of thyroid gland.

Question 15

what are adrenal glands and where are they located

Answer 15

Our body has one pair of adrenal glands , one at the top of each kidney.
The gland is composed of 2 types of tissues :
(a)Adrenal Medulla which is centrally located
(b)Adrenal Cortex which lies outside the adrenal medulla

Question 16

what does adrenal cortex secrete what are its functions

Answer 16

-glucocorticoids- regulate carbohydrate metabolism
-mineralocorticoids- balance water and electrolytes.

Question 17

what does adrenal medulla secrete and what are its functions

Answer 17

The adrenal gland secretes 2 hormones:
(a)Adrenaline / Epinephrine
(b)Noradrenaline / Norepinephrine
Adrenaline and Noradrenaline are rapidly secreted in response to stress of any kind and during emergency situations and are called emergency hormones or hormones of fight or flight .

Question 18

Functions of adrenaline

Answer 18

-increase alertness
-stimulate brakdown of glycogen
-pupilary dilation
-increase sweating
-increase heart rate

Question 19

How does our body respond when adrenaline is secreted into the blood?

Answer 19

Adrenaline is secreted directly into the blood and carried to different
parts of the body. The target organs or the specific tissues on which it
acts include the heart. As a result, the heart beats faster, resulting in
supply of more oxygen to our muscles. The blood to the digestive system
and skin is reduced due to contraction of muscles around small arteries
in these organs. This diverts the blood to our skeletal muscles. The
breathing rate also increases because of the contractions of the
diaphragm and the rib muscles. All these responses together enable the
animal body to be ready to deal with the situation.

-Excess glucose storedin the liver in the form of glycogen is also released into the bloodstream to provide more energy to muscle cells to deal with situation

Question 20

what isthe pancreas gland

Answer 20

The pancreas is a glandular organ, present in the upper abdomen,responsible for diverse
homeostatic functions, including hormone production from the
endocrine islet cells to regulate blood sugar levels and enzyme
secretion from the exocrine cells to facilitate food digestion

Question 21

what are islet of langherhans

Answer 21

The endocrine
pancreas consists of ‘Islets
of Langerhans’.The two main types of cells
in the Islet of Langerhans
are called α-cells and
β-cells. The α-cells secrete
a hormone called glucagon,
while the β-cells secrete
insulin

Question 22

What is the function of glucagon

Answer 22

hormone released by alpha cells. They increase the blood sugar level. It helps converting the glycogen into glucose by stimulating glycogenolysis

Question 23

What is the function of insulin

Answer 23

Hormone released by beta cells. They decrease blood sugar levels. It helps onverting glucose to glycogen by stimulating process of glycogenesis. It allows cells to take up and use glucose(controls carbohydrate metabolism).

Question 24

how do insulin and glucagon maintain blood homeostatis.

Answer 24

blood glucose regulation is controlled by insulin and glucagon, hormones produced by the pancreas.
When blood glucose increases, the pancreas releases insulin, which stimulates the uptake of glucose from the blood. This prevents blood glucose from getting too high.
When blood glucose concentration drops, the pancreas releases glucagon, which stimulates the breakdown of glycogen and releases glucose into the blood. This raises blood glucose back to normal levels.

. The timing
and amount of hormone released are regulated by feedback mechanisms.
For example, if the sugar levels in blood rise, they are detected by the
cells of the pancreas which respond by producing more insulin. As the
blood sugar level falls, insulin secretion is reduced.

Question 25

what is diabetes

Answer 25

Deficiency of insulin hormone causes diabetes. As a result the blood sugar levels of the person increases causing harmful body effects. Diabetes can be treated by injecting insulin hormone
in the patient’s body.

It is the condition where the pancreas gland does not generate enough insulin required by the body to regulate glucose metabolism.

Question 26

what is pituatry gland and structure

Answer 26

The pituitary gland is found in the brain and is divided into the anterior and posterior lobes.

Question 27

Why is pituitary gland called master gland

Answer 27

Because it controls the functions of all other endocrine glands in the body and all ednocrine activites.

Question 28

what is the supreme commander

Answer 28

HYPOTHALAMUS CONTROLS PITUITARY GLAND.

Question 29

what are the hormones secreted byanterior pituitary gland?

Answer 29

i)GH- growth hormone responsible for overall growth and development of body.

ii)TSH-Thyroid stimulating hormone which stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones from thyroid gland

iii) ACTH-Adreno corctiotropic hormone which stimulates the synthesis and sectretion of glucocorticoids from adrenal cortex.

iv) LH- Lutenizing hormone whcih stimulates the synethisis and secretion of adrogens in males and induces the ovulation of fully mature follicles and maintains corpus luteum in females.

v) FSH- Follicle stimulating hormone wich regulates the formation of sperm in males and stimulates gorwth and developemtn of ovarian follicles in females.

Question 30

what are the hormones secreted by posterior lobe

Answer 30

Oxytocin: It acts on the smooth muscles of our body and stimulates their
contraction. In females, it stimulates a vigorous contraction of uterus at
the time of child birth, and milk ejection from the mammary gland.

Vasopressin acts mainly at the kidney and stimulates reabsorption of
water and electrolytes by the distal convoluted tubules and hence reduces
loss of water through urine or diuresis. Hence, it is also called as
anti-diuretic hormone.

Question 31

what is gigantism and dwarfism

Answer 31

Over-secretion of Growth Hormone stimulates abnormal growth of the
body leading to gigantism and low secretion of GH results in stunted
growth resulting in pituitary dwarfism.

Question 32

why are himalayan ppl getting goitre?

Answer 32

Majority of these people lived in the Himalayan region where iodine levels were very low in the soil and water. The problem was solved by supplying “iodized salts”.