How did the government of Giolitti shape Italy's political situation from 1911-14

Question 1

Define trasformismo

Answer 1

• Refers to the method of making a flexible, centrist colition government which isolated the extremes of the left/right-wing in Italian politics

Question 2

What was the state of the liberal party 1896-1914

Answer 2

• Not a structured party
• They were, instead, a series of informal personal groupings with no formal links to political constituencies

Question 3

What is the Roman Question

Answer 3

• Used to describe the split between the Italian state and the Catholic Church, which refused to recognise Italy as a state

Question 4

Define Risorgimento

Answer 4

• unification of Italy as a new nation in 1870

Question 5

Define Irredentism

Answer 5

• Italy’s unification would only be complete if ALL Italian speaking lands were incorporated (e.g. Trieste and Fiume)

Question 6

Nationalists

Want to restore Italy as a …………… and take ……………. lands and lands in North …….

Answer 6

Want to restore Italy as a great power and take irredenta lands and lands in North Africa.

Question 7

Nationalists

ANI (nationalists) - Formed in …….. under leadership of………….

Answer 7

ANI (nationalists) - Formed in 1910 under leadership of Corradini.

Question 8

Nationalists

What was the ANI’s relationship to the liberals

Answer 8

• The ANI were not willing to work with the Liberals making them incredibly difficult to deal with
• They were the party most opposed to Giolitti’s policies
• Instead, they favoured steady colonial expansion, a stronger army, a ban on public sector strikes and stronger police powers

Question 9

Nationalists

Giolitti’s invasion of Libya in 1911 was done primarily to…..

Answer 9

• neutralise the threat of the Nationalists

Question 10

Nationalists

What triggered the rise of the Nationalists’ popularity 1911-14

Answer 10

• humiliating defeat for the Italians at Adwa
• & the shame of the poverty of Italy
• meaning many Italians were emigrating for a beffer life

Question 11

Nationalists

Giolitti found it difficult to deal with the ANI as the nationalists saw Giolitti as….

Answer 11

• corrupt and weak

Question 12

Nationalists

What did Giolitti do that failed to halt the rise of nationalism

Answer 12

• Giolitti’s attempt to boost Italian support for his leadership through modernisation and economic reform failed to halt the rise of nationalism

Question 13

Nationalists

Why was there a large middle class supoort for the ANI

Answer 13

• The Nationalists had a number of educated middle class supporters
• who viewed it as a force for national renewal
• which would undermine the increasing support for the socialists, destroy the corruption of the current system and bring in new dynamic Italy

Question 14

Socilaists

Describe the domiance of the PSI in 1913 election

Answer 14

• the PSI won a quarter of all votes and had 79 deputies in Parliament

Question 15

Socilaists

Socialism’s growth in popularity mirrored Italy’s ……………….. as the population of Italy’s ……………… cities expanded due to…

Answer 15

Socialism’s growth in popularity mirrored Italy’s industrialisation as the population of Italy’s northern cities expanded due to internal migration

Question 16

Socilaists

How much of the country’s wealth did the less modern South account for

Answer 16

27%

Question 17

Socialists

Why was Giolitti’s reform to appease the PS only mildly unsuccessful

Answer 17

Giolitti’s programme of placating the PSI by offering moderate social reform was partly successful, particularly with moderates like Turati
but Giolitti found it increasingly hard to win over the entire PSI
This was because the maximalists in the socialist party (one of whom was Mussolini) wanted to overthrow the state.

Question 18

Socialists

Who was the leader of the PSI

Answer 18

• Filippo Turati

Question 19

Socialists

Giolitti tried to deal with the Socialists via …………………… by offering a variety of ………. reforms like……………….&………………….

Answer 19

• Giolitti tried to deal with the Socialists via trasformismo by offering a variety of social reforms like state-subsidised sickness and an old age fund for the merchant navy

Question 20

Socialists

As a part of Trasformismo, what politician was offered a position in Giolitti’s cabinet

Answer 20

• Leading socialist Bissolatti , but he declined

Question 21

Socialists

A section of the PSI called the ………………. despised the Liberal state and believed in …………. revolution.

Answer 21

• maximalists
• violent

Question 22

Socialists

What was Giolitti’s most important concession to the socialists

Answer 22

• 1906 - he brought in a new policy of non-intervention in labour disputes and courts to settle pay disputes

Question 23

Socialists

By 1910 there were ………………………..unions as well as the ………………………. representing …..,000 peasants

Answer 23

• By 1910 there were 374 Catholic worker’s unions as well as the Federation of Agricultural Workers representing 240,000 peasants

Question 24

Socialists

What reform did Giolitti make for workers

Answer 24

• Giolitti enacted a series of reforms to allow workers to strike and hold peaceful protests
• (by 1910 there were 374 Catholic worker’s unions as well as the Federation of Agricultural Workers representing
  240,000 peasants.)

Question 25

Catholics

In 1911 cooperation between Catholics and the Liberals was most evident at a …….. level where
Catholics were part of ………………………… in ……….. , …….., ……. and ……
The Church also had considerable influence in the ……… of Ifaly

Answer 25

• In 1911 cooperation between Catholics and the Liberals was most evident at a local level where Catholics were part of governing coalitions in Turin, Bologna, Florence and Venice.
• The Church also had considerable influence in the north of Italy

Question 26

Catholics

What controversial thing did Giolitti say about the Church & state

Answer 26

In 1904, Giolitti announced the church and state were ‘two parallel lines, which should never meet.’

Question 27

Exports increased by …..% 1911-14

Answer 27

• 4.5

Question 28

Catholics

In the 1913 elections, the Pope swung his support in favour of ……..

Answer 28

• Giolitti

Question 29

Catholics

Why was Giolitti reluctant in his pursuits to gain support from the Catholic church

Answer 29

Giolitti wanted the support of the Catholic Church to help his parliamentary majority but he was more concerned with gaining the support of the Socialists.
He was also not willing to give the Pope any concessions on Roman territory and so was unable to solve the ‘Roman question’ which still festered at the heart of tension between church and state.

Question 30

Between 1901 and 1911 there had been …….. strikes

Answer 30

1,500

Question 31

Giolitti placed responsibility for primary schooling on …………………………. in order to improve ….. rates

Answer 31

Giolitti placed responsibility for primary schooling on central government in order to improve literacy rates

Question 32

Socialists

How did Italy help the poor

Answer 32

• Giolitti implemented policies to help improve the situation for Italy’s poor such as raising the minimum working age to 12 years and reducing food taxes to make food more affordable

Question 33

By 1914 Italians had …………….. life expectancy as other Europeans and the national average for illiteracy was ……….%.

Answer 33

By 1914 Italians had the same life expectancy as other Europeans and the national average for illiteracy was 37.6%.

Question 34

Why did many people think socialism was the only solution to peoples problems

Answer 34

• Many believed that Risorgimento had failed
• & believed only Socialism could solve Italy’s problems of political corruption
• persistent rural poverty &
• the widening gap between ruling elite & the working class

Question 35

Between 1910-11 25,000 people died from ……….. in Naples

Answer 35

Between 1910-11 25,000 people died from cholera in Naples

Question 36

Many Italian Socialists believed that Giolitti’s reforms were aimed at …………………. rather than actually helping the poor

Answer 36

• avoiding instability

Question 37

How did Giolitti gain support from the church

Answer 37

• Giolitti did offer concessions to the Church in return for support and in this sense he was the first PM to win the organised Catholic vote
• For example he promoted Catholic interests in education

Question 38

In 1912-13 around ……………… Italians emigrated, mostly from the south.

Answer 38

1.5 million