How are organic compounds categorised and synthesised? Flashcards
Aldehyde
organic compound that contains an aldehyde functional group (−CHO)
Alkene
hydrocarbon that includes at least one carbon-carbon double bond functional
group (C=C)
Alkyl group
group containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms (e.g. −CH3, −CH2CH3)
Amine
organic compound with an amino functional group (−NH2)
Carboxyl group
a combination of two functional groups (−COOH) attached to a single carbon atom, namely, hydroxyl (−OH) and carbonyl (C=O) groups
Degree of unsaturation
a measure of the number of double and triple bonds in a compound
Electronegativity
how strongly an atom attracts electrons towards itself
Empirical formula
chemical formula showing the lowest whole number ratio of the number of atoms in a compound
Ester
organic compound that contains an ester functional group (−COOC−)
Functional group
specific group of atoms within a compound that affects the chemical properties of the compound
Haloalkane
organic compound that has one or more halogen atom (element in group 7 of the periodic table, often represented by ‘X’)
Hydroxyl
a functional group (−OH) with one hydrogen and one oxygen atom
Ketone
organic compound that contains a carbonyl functional group (C=O), where the
carbon atom in the −C=O group is bonded to two other carbon atoms
Molecular formula
chemical formula that shows the number of each atom in a molecule
Molecule
two or more atoms covalently bonded by sharing electrons
Organic
containing carbon
Primary amide
organic compound that contains an amide functional group at a terminal carbon atom (−CONH2)
Saturated (organic compound)
possessing only single bonds between carbon atoms
Semi-structural (condensed) formula
condensed form of a structural formula that does not show all bonds between atoms in a compound
Skeletal formula
representation of a molecular structure where covalent bonds are shown as lines, carbon atoms are shown as vertices, and hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms are not shown
Structural formula
representation of a molecule that shows all the atoms and bonds in an atom or compound
Terminal carbon
carbon atom at the end of the carbon parent chain
Unsaturated (organic compound)
possessing at least one double or triple bond
between carbon atoms
Valence electron number
number of electrons in the outer (valence) shell of an atom
Dispersion forces
weak intermolecular forces caused by attraction between instantaneous dipoles in adjacent molecules
Homologous series
series of organic compounds that have the same general formula and similar chemical properties
Hydrogen bonding
a type of permanent dipole-dipole attraction between molecules (not a covalent bond) that results from the attractive force between hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to a very electronegative atom such as an N, O, or F atom
Instantaneous dipole
partial positive and negative charge that suddenly appears in an atom or molecule due to the random movement of electrons
IUPAC naming
set of rules used to name organic compounds according to the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)
Parent chain
typically the longest continuous chain of carbon-carbon bonds, depending on the functional groups present
Permanent dipole
a permanent area of partial positive or partial negative charge on a molecule due to differences in electronegativity between atoms within a molecule
Permanent dipole-dipole attraction
electrostatic force of attraction between the permanent dipoles of adjacent polar molecules
Structural isomers
molecules with the same molecular formula but different spatial arrangement of atoms
Systematic name
standardised name used to identify organic compounds
Viscosity
resistance of a substance to flow
